Failure In Small Business Essay

It is actually a fact that only about 53% of small businesses are not able to keep on trading after three years after their preliminary set up. Some of the businesses fail within their first year of operation. There are so many reasons why this tends to happen. However, business failure does not only happen with the new businesses but it also happen to those businesses which have been in operation for quite some time regardless of how successful they tend to be. Even if business failure happens to all sizes of businesses, the small businesses are very much affected by larger threats for the reason that they do not have the support of additional money as well as resources that the big companies have. Business failure does not only come about through the problems experienced in your own company, they can as well be achieved as a subsidiary effect from dealings made by other businesses, clients and suppliers. It is very necessary for one to identify the premature signs of business failure in order to solve the problem before it is too late (Dwight, 1993). Finally, the business failure comes about when the business has gone beyond a point where it can not continue operating in business any long without encountering supplementary troubles. These troubles might not offer any feasible solutions and for one to go ahead in trading, he or she has to put him or her self in even deeper problems. When the business has reached this point, it is very important for one to acknowledge the business failure early or else he or she will face increased financial as well as legal troubles when trying to save his or her business or he can even go further and put his business to rest. There so many causes of business failure. So many businesses fail because several managers do not incorporate accounting as well as accounting practices to a practical level in their business. Despite the fact that they don’t posses all the accounting knowledge, they really suffer from the lack of financial control together with the problems concerning the cash flow which leads to business failure. If one has a weak accountancy expertise, he is likely to employ a very knowledgeable bookkeeper to manage the financial records on a regular basis. It is very important for one to have somebody who can comprehend the monetary accounts plus the management accounts. Before starting up the business one is supposed to find some time to learn the financial management skills (Claire, 1998). Lack of funds is also another cause of business failure. If one finds out that he does not have enough capital to start up the business, he is supposed to wait until the time when he has saved enough money he needs before starting up a business. If one risks and starts up a business without enough capital then the fellow is destined for business failure. Lack of funds usually leads to too much borrowing and as a result, the business becomes insolvent for the reason that the liabilities becomes too high than the assets. Bankruptcy is a very common result as in it has a cycle of poor management. Lack of funds can also come through competition. As much as the business is offering competitive prices, the business will end up making little profit margin hence it will be too difficult to fund other areas within the business. High costs of finance is another cause of business failure because it can be so disastrous as soaring interest rates as well as unfavorable compensation schedules are so much ignored due to the difficulty of financing the business (John, 1994). As a matter of fact, it is very necessary for one to manage his or her finance with a very keen concern towards interest as well as repayment schedules in order to avoid the business becoming insolvent in the early moments. The collection of data is rather a frustrating process. One needs to persuade the potential data providers to take part. One has to convince them about the value of the information to the business. I provided the incentives for sources to participate such as the clean copy of the eventual database of the relative data to the rest of the database. Eventually I drew a data table in the business notebook to help during the collection of data. A data table ensured that the business is consistent in recording data and it makes it easier to analyze the results of the business. The techniques which were used during the collection of data are data mining techniques. I sorted from large amounts of data and picked out the information because it is the analytic process which is desired to discover data (Claire, 1998). It is expected that all the business persons must have a clear understanding of the failure points in future. Another outcome is that all the business persons must stay in business successfully by not selling cheap products or service. He is not intending to impress the customers but all business persons are supposed to make people feel that they are not getting ripped off. In future all business persons must learn to begin businesses with enough capital. The business person must always learn to hire more staff when there is too much work to be done. They are not supposed to get behind on the work or else the clients will not feel happy. The business is intending to get sufficient operating funds. The business will require the costs of starting and the costs of staying the business in operation. Enough funds are needed in order to cover all the costs until sales can finally pay for these costs. However, all the funds will be borrowed from the bank which will be repayable after the business picks up. References Claire, W. (1998). Risky Business: The Personal and Financial Costs of Small Business Failure. California: Policy Studies Institute. Dwight, R. (1993). Failure and Progress. New Mexico: Cato Institute. John, L. (1984). Success and Failure in Small Business. New York: Gower Publishing Company. John, H. (1991). Measurement of Success and Failure in Small Business. Washington: Curtin University of Technology. John, E. (1963). Small Business Instability and Failure. Alabama: Bureau of Business Research.

Feminism Philosophy Essay

At the onset, Valerie Solana’s SCUM Manifesto is a work that was clearly addressed to male species which she regarded as accidental a â€Å"biological accident. † The first two paragraphs of her work reveal her deep resentment on the role of men and women in the society. The last part of the first paragraph reflects her strong rejection of the male sex. Solanas identifies male in various ways but all describing the male as an undesirable species. To her, to be male is something that a man should be ashamed of and maleness is a dearth, a disease and that males are emotionally limited. She said male is completely an â€Å"isolated unit† and everything that he has in himself is nothing but a tool that he use to fulfill his drives and needs. Her work also reflect a seemingly an almost bitter feeling towards men. She used strong and very offending sentences emphasizing on the males’ purportedly many in capabilities including relationship except of his physical sensation. However, the male according to her is capable Solano’s obvious hatred to the male sex was also expressed in the way she describes how a male expresses himself. She described the male’s behavior as physically passive but then he does not like it. He expressed his frustration of his own passivity by screwing a woman he despises. She said the male project his passivity by projecting it onto women and by screwing. Overall, Valerie Solano’s work was an expression of her sentiments on the role between the male and the female in which she downgraded the role of the male species as concerns only of him self, but she gratifies women for her unselfish role. Solano stated that while mother cares for what is best for her children, the father only wants what is best for him. She was a man hater. In contrast with the work of Solano, Fry’s work is more objective although she also urges that women should detach themselves from the world of males and male dominated institution. This separation according to Fry is of various sorts which must includes institutions, relationships, roles and activities that are male dominated. Fry’s work reflects a more meaningful feminist opinion as she discussed important feminist issues leading to their objective of achieving liberation from the male dominance world. While Solano strongly reject the male describing him as incapable, emotionally weak, a disease, and so forth all maligning the male sex, Fry was more objective in a sense that she also put her feet on the other’s shoes. Though a real feminist and also a staunch advocate of the separation from male dominance, she described women’s role in the context of the traditional notion that men are the provider and the protector of women. Fry cited the notion of parasitism of the male and female in terms of family matters. But she insists that the parasitism â€Å"goes the other way around. † It is the male that is parasites to females’ because men are pathetic and used up by living by their own. In general, although both women were against the existing arrangement of the roles of men and women in the society, Solano was very radical in her views about the males’ role and the male as a person to the point that she appeared being a man-hater. Fry on the other hand, was more objective although she also deplored the male as weak and parasites to women. But unlike Solano’s views of the male which is very personal and very negative, Fry’s opinion reflects a carefully weigh ideas regarding the issues involving the role of men and women which in the perspective of feminist like them are offensive and binding to women. Is having a maid morally wrong? What are BARBARA Ehrenreich’s reasons for thinking so? Is correct? Why or why not? In my own opinion, having a maid is not morally wrong as long as they are not treated fairly, are not abused, and given just compensation. In the contexts of the employers, maids should not be viewed as slaves rather they should be considered as worker or even employees. Ong (2006) was right in her assessment that having a domestic helper or two is part of the â€Å"bargain with two-income families† (p. 201). Ong noted that a high standard of living is considered impossible â€Å"without one or even two foreign maids to take care of the household chores as well as of children or the elderly† (p. 201). Thus, having a maid at home should be considered as a social right, just like access to better schools, housing, shopping malls, and leisure. However, in the context of the families of these maids, to be maid in a foreign country is a source of hope on their economic miseries. Most of the families these maids came from are poor and the best option for them to survive is for their daughter to get employment overseas. In other words, hiring maids meant helping those families. Unfortunately, there are always people who discriminate others. They tend to abuse their domestic servants by giving them unequal and unfair treatment. According to the Human Rights Watch, many domestic helpers complain of abusive treatments such as not providing them enough food, longer working hours, and racist behavior. These are what is morally wrong and not the hiring of domestic helpers. Barbara Ehrenreich’s thinking about having maids at home On the other hand, Barbara Ehrenreich noted the movement of women around the world and draws a comparison that for every women executive who travels, large number of women from the third world countries leave their families to work as domestic servants in the first world countries. For Ehrenreich, this mass exodus of women is morally wrong because it results in odd displacements. Ehrenreich cited the facts that while these women carry with them the warmth of the female energy into the wealthy country that hired them; this is usually at the expense of their families left behind. Their absent deprive their families of her care which she willingly offer to the families that need her services abroad. For Ehrenreich, having domestic helpers harm one’s moral character and she calls on her readers not hire maids to clean the house. Ehrenreich argued having domestic servants clean the house is not good for the family especially the children. While Ehrenreich was more concern on are supposed to clean the house, which is usually done by the maids, she deplored that cleaning other people’s house is so gross and demeaning. While Ehrenreich may have a point, but this issue should not be seen as morally wrong rather it should viewed in the economic context. Having a maid is not morally wrong because it is a decent job for women who have fewer opportunities in life, especially those coming from very poor families in third world countries. As long as they are treated fairly and justly compensated, it is never morally wrong to employ somebody to do some jobs that one cannot do anymore. It is the most practical thing because it serves in two ways, it benefits the employer because they can concentrate in their work, and it benefits the maid because she will earn dollars for her family back home. Reference Fry, M. (1983) Some Reflection on Separatism and Power http://www. feminist-reprise. org/docs/fryesep. htm Ong, A. (2006) Neoliberalism as Exception USA: Duke University Press Solano, V. & Avital, R. (2004) SCUM Manifesto USA: Verso

Regulatory Response to the Financial Crisis which began in 2007 Essay

Regulatory Response to the Financial Crisis which began in 2007 - Essay Example 1). The debate still rages as to the real cause of the crisis. King (2011, p. 48) indicates that a major contributor to the global crisis was global imbalances which requires rebalancing of global demand in order to facilitate a sustainable recovery. This paper provides a brief synopsis of the events and the regulations which followed in the US, Germany, UK, Netherlands and Spain. According to Blundell-Wignall and Atkinson (2010, p. 2) every banking crisis has been associated with major disruptions as well as recessions and this is the reason for certain bank regulations. New regulatory responses are generated by every global financial crisis (Helleiner 2010). This was no different for the crisis which started in 2007 resulting in what has been described as ‘the Great Recession.’ Regulatory Response in the United States According to the U.S. Senate Republican Policy Committee (2010) a multitude of events led to the Great Recession of 2008-2009. They include the housing b ubble which was caused by cheap credit made to persons who would not qualify for a loan under normal circumstances; low interest rates; failure of regulatory agencies; and inflated rating grades provided by credit rating agencies. In order to mitigate the crisis United States government introduced what they described as Targeted Asset Relief Program (TARP) and the Temporary Liquidity Guarantee Program (TLGP) – (Eubanks 2010b, p. 2). The TARP was later expanded to include automobile companies such as GM and Chrysler (U.S. Senate Republican Policy Committee 2010). A number of regulatory proposals were put forward in relation to consumer protection, modernisation of the regulatory system and restoring stability (Eubanks 2010a). These led to the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of July 2010 and a consolidation of the regulatory bodies. The objective of the act is to â€Å"create a sound economic foundation to grow jobs, protect consumers, rein in Wall St reet and big bonuses, end bailouts and too big to fail, prevent another financial crisis†. According to Lo (2009, p. 27) there has been a recent proposal to suspend Fair-Value – FASB Statement No. 157. Fair-value or mark-to-market accounting requires the valuations of firms’ asset at fair market prices and not on a historical cost basis. The practice which has forced a number of firms to write down their assets and thus triggering defaults and insolvencies has been blamed for the financial crisis. Regulatory Response in Germany In Germany the single regulator of financial services – the German Financial Supervisory Authority which was established in 2002 in order to improve stability and integrity in the German financial system had its regulatory authority greatly increased in 2009. This was done in order to improve its capacity to manage the financial crisis. The act for strengthening the financial market and insurance supervision became effective on Augu st 1, 2009 (Eubanks 2010b). This act was a measure which had the objective of increasing the preventative, supervisory and intervening powers of this regulatory authority. The act also facilitated the strengthening of informational and reporting requirements for financial institutions, insurance companies

Total Quality Management & its application in Coca-Cola Turkey. (How Essay

Total Quality Management & its application in Coca-Cola Turkey. (How critical is it in a rapidly developing world for the Coca-Cola Company's Turkey future to maintain Total Quality Management) - Essay Example CCI claims to be implementing TQM. Sufficient volume of literature was available on the subject of TQM, its principles and the tools to implement TQM. After review of the literature interviews were taken. The second chapter concentrates on TQM – history, principles, approach and application. Through the literature review it has been demonstrated that TQM is a process where responsibility has to be shared by all departments. Since the process of achieving TQM involves changes in the culture, there is a correlation between TQM principles and culture. The history of TQM has been discussed at length. It has been found that TQM is based on the human element in any organization and hence the principles would be the same in any country even though the culture and the behavioural patterns would differ. The definition of quality has been discussed and it has been established that TQM involves satisfaction of both the internal and the external customer. Attaining TQM also involves team work because all departments have to be in unison. To achieve TQM a quality system has to be developed and this requires understanding the needs of the customer. A proper system also enables the organizat ion to use its resources efficiently. Empowerment is the most important technique of TQM. To study the extent to which Coca-Cola’s applies the principles of TQM the methodology adopted was to examine its mission, vision, and values, which the company claims reflects in its actions. The third chapter deals with the research that was undertaken based on the assumption that a company of the magnitude of Coca-Cola could not be wrong in their claims. The study was focused on their unit in Turkey. Secondary data was collected through books, academic journal and internet articles and publications. Primary data was collected through interview of seven officials at their Turkey unit – CCI. Since there was nothing to be

The impact of Japanisation, lean production and high performance work Essay

The impact of Japanisation, lean production and high performance work practices in the UK Workplace - Essay Example The effectiveness of these techniques in practice has led many managers internationally to adopt these techniques; in this way the so-called ‘japanisation’ has become a common phenomenon within modern firms (referring to the management styles used throughout modern organizations). In most cases, the effectiveness of Japanese management techniques is based on the radical increase of employees’ performance; lean production as developed primarily by Toyota is extensively used by firms within the modern market in order to support the improvement of organizational performance: a target that is being achieved in most cases. On the other hand, because there are cases where the adaptation of Japanese management techniques do not lead to the increase of the employees’ performance (and the following increase of the firm’s profitability) it is necessary to identify the key elements of the Japanese techniques’ potential failure ensuring at the same time t hat alternative management techniques – effective ones – will be available to managers worldwide. The design and the development of management practices in workplace should be decided taking into account the cultural and social characteristics of the specific region. The culture of the particular organization should be also taken into consideration. The specific issue was examined by Soutar et al. (1999, 203) who noticed that ‘culture is an important idea as it deals with the way people live and approach problem solving in a social and organizational context’. In accordance with the above view, management practices in countries around the world are expected to present significant differences; however it has been proved in the literature and the empirical research that in modern workplace the practices followed by managers are similar; it’s just the fact that this similarity is further increased when referring to firms established in the same country.

Marketing Plan - pricing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing Plan - pricing - Essay Example The article overall was a good read, and provided much insight into the paths and steps a company should take when trying to price their item, and how they should expect each different scenario to play out for them depending on their pricing actions. 2. The item I have chosen is the Nintendo Wii video game console. While it did not create a market in of itself, its blue ocean strategy has changed the video game market currently, if not forever. The first two years of its life it was most certainly in the Markey introduction stage, with Nintendo using all sorts of press and a hand on approach to try to get as many people as possible to try out and believe in their new product. Now however it seems to be in the growth stage, with sales numbers skyrocketing unlike anything a video game console has ever seen before. Product is still hard to find in many markets, and public awareness is huge with all the publicity and good press the system has been getting as of late. I believe Nintendo now needs to prepare for it to continue into its mature stage, and be ready to cut costs or make any other marketing plans for the future of its success video game system.

Professional Management Skills Assesment. cASE ANALYSIS Essay

Professional Management Skills Assesment. cASE ANALYSIS - Essay Example With David Neeleman started out his career in the airline industry, he had learned and had become accustomed to the ins and outs of operating an airline. While spending time with airlines such as Southwest after his first entrepreneurial venture, Neeleman saw the immense opportunity in the industry in the form of the growing dissatisfaction in the market due to poor service and high fares. Coupled with the information that was publicly available regarding the operations related to the industry, he came to justify the dissatisfaction as an opportunity by looking at its market potential. Neeleman then saw that there was sufficient demand to back up this opportunity. The vision of an airline with high quality service and low fares was not entirely what Jet Blue was about when Neeleman conceived the idea in his mind. It was built on the Southwest model, only that with the use of technology it would aim to differentiate itself, as well as its way of doing things as a player in the airline industry. According to the founder, this new airline would â€Å"leverage technology for safety and efficiency and with a commitment to people. (Gittell & O’Reilly, 2001, p.3)† The overall market for the airlines most especially in New York City as stated in the case, experienced dissatisfaction given the current level of services at the price level in which they are offered. Due to this, an enormous opportunity for an airline that could offer lower costs for air travel with high quality service awaited as a promise and reward. This one Neeleman had observed and taken advantage of using of information technology as one of the differentiating factors. Jet Blue’s marketing was strategic in a way that it aimed to support the goal of the company to become a different sort of player in the airline industry. For one, in line with Neeleman’s vision which was to provide high quality service at affordable fares while improving the experience of

Text analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Text analysis - Essay Example The argument by the author for this phenomenon is that there are immense psychosomatic implications that impact very much on the military officer or the law enforcement agent if it terminates the life of a fellow human being. This can be shown through the mental anguish that the military officer or the law enforcement agent suffers if they did so without the support of their superiors or peers, or if they are incapable of justifying their act of killing. In explaining his book, Grossman asks why there is little evidence of soldiers discussing of having killed a prisoner or combatants in war. In Grossman’s analysis of battleground fears, there is a revelation that even more than the fear of injury or death, the military personnel has a fear of being seen to have failed in their military obligations of combat. If the military officer kills in times of war, he will be burdened with guilt while if he fails to kill he is ashamed of his failures. The use of the term â€Å"Bulletpro of mind† as an imagery explores what the mind and soul of the soldiers presented in the book is during and after the combat or the war showing the dilemma facing such soldiers with regards to killing. The stresses of the deadly wars that would require the â€Å"Bulletproof† mind include negative impacts on the nervous system, breathing system, memory and visible and auditory functioning that soldiers must find ways of controlling in order to survive. The imagery Bulletproof is therefore simply an analysis of the entire physiological processes that is involved with the killing of a human being (Grossman, 43). The argument that is being brought out by the imagery of The Bulletproof mind is that majority of the people usually have that phobic level of response when it comes to the issue of violence. Therefore, there is need for soldiers to be trained on how to kill in order to have that mind set of performing the duties without fear. There are a lot of physical effects tha t are brought about by violence. These effects stresses on the humans such as changes in the sonic perception, tunnel vision and the post-traumatic stress disorder (Grossman, 56). The relevance of such information about the physiological aspect of the human body is to be able to bring out a clear picture of the stressful training that may end up affecting and bringing out a deadly threat to the human environment. Another aspect that is brought out in chapter three of the book is that of the mental attitude which is required by any warrior in order to fight. There is that perception of the level of stress inoculation that is required as well the importance of the training required. The argument that can be brought out in this section is that of the will of a person to do a certain job without having to be subjected to use lethal force. The determination that is aimed at performing the ultimate required act to the intended recipient to whom the force is addressed may in itself deter t he set actions. If a person is able to adapt the look of being steel eyed then just by the sight of the eyes the enemy may not attempt to test your wrath. In this case you become the weapon and everything else around you becomes a tool. The work of Grossman is an attempt to give a connection between the increasing violence

The effect of endurance exercise on hypertension Essay

The effect of endurance exercise on hypertension - Essay Example Ehrman â€Å" it is believed that exercise training may decrease BP by improving renal function in patients with essential hypertension † So even a modest reduction of BP by endurance or resistance training decreases cardiovascular risk by 5-9%, stroke 8-14% and all cause mortality by 4 % (Vivian H.Heyward) BP is determined by cardiac output and total peripheral resistance; moreover it is elevated as result of one of the determinate or both. Therefore, non-pharmacological treatment for HT patients, needs to include theprovision for losing weight if overweight, limit alcohol intake to no more than 1 ounce of ethanol per day, reduce sodium intake to less than 100 mmol per day, maintain adequate dietary potassium, calcium, and magnesium intake, stop smoking and reduce dietary saturated fat and cholesterol intake for an overall cardiovascular health. Reducing fat intake also helps reducing caloric intake it is also important to control weight and non-insulin depended diabetes (Williams and Wilkins). Mode, frequency; duration and intensity of exercise are generally the same only in healthy population. Increasing exercise i ntensity to above 70% VO2 doesn’t have additional impact on BP. In addition, absolute sudden death during any particular episode of heavy exercise is low. Peripheral vascular disease includes vascular insufficiencies such as arteriosclerosis, arterial stenosis, Raynaud phenomena and Burger’s dieses. It’s usually correlated with hyperlipidemia and hypertension in older patients. Peripheral vascular disease manifests ischemia pain during physical activity and is due to mismatch between muscle supplies and demands. In treatment weight bearing exercise and medication is included. According to Roy J. Shephard, observing middle age and older post coronary patient over three years of vigorous and progressive endurance exercise. He established a decrease of resting provision at normal

Recruitment Case Essay Example for Free

Recruitment Case Essay 1a. job advertisment in the news paper, radio through assessment days and recruitment agencies such as REEDS. * Job description and personal specification for the job is included in the job advert for example: Mdec data entry keyer or manager etc. * Candidates fill in application forms through royal mail websites or collect through nearest royal mail post office. * Application forms and refrences of candidates are checked and a short list of the best candidates for the job is drawn. * Canadidates are phoned or email to come to an assessment day. Those who pass will be given an interview date. * Candidates are interviewed and welcomed to the job. * Those who have been uncsucessful are sent a sorry letter. 1b. Individual interviews: in these the manager or supervisor will meet each worker anbd discuss the good work they have done and the mistakes or improvements that are needed. These will include documents such as register for absences, punctuality or any tasks that have been sucessfully or unsucessfully handled. 2a. Personal Development Plan: Get trained into the skills needed for the business e.g. use of machinery, new technology, teamworking etc. Develop time management skills so that i am punctual and able to complete tasks on time by setting aims and odjectives for myself. Improve my listening and communication skills so that good quality service is provided to customers. 2b. Human recources: Recruitment of staff for the IT department in 3 months time ie. from 18th November till 18th of Febuary. Training:Train staff for new use of technology e.g. computerised stock control systems in 2 weeks time of use ie. from 11th of Novmber 2006 till 24th of November 2006. Production: Increase speed of production due to christmas sales by over time given to workers, till 15th December 2006. Introduce quality circles where employees can sit and discuss problems as well as participate in decision making till next month 10th of December 2006. Encourage teamwokring so that workers develop good relationships with colleagues. 2c. By training staff, business will minimise costs by reduced absences, fewer accidents and a fast pace of production. By recruiting staff members for IT department means good quality service produced. Increased production needs to be done during peak times because customer demand is high and not meeting orders means losing potential sales that will affect profits negativley. Through quality circles, employees are motivated and feel they are part of the business. Teamworking will cause good working condition inside the workplace which will make employees have job satisfaction and due to this they will be more committed towards thier work. Read more:Â  Carlton Case 2d. Workers should organise a party to get to know eachother better. Managers and workers should have individual meetings as well ad group meetings so that efficiency is enhanced. Teamworking activities can be non work related e.g. quizzes or sports matches as part of thier training programme. 3. Recruiting the right staff for the business is very important because if the correct Person Sepcification is given then a business can choose from capable candidate the best one for the job. This will include relevent qualifications and skills needed e.g. for IT technicain a degree in IT and work experience in an IT department is required. Secondly, if the right type of Job Description is provided to candidates then time and costs will be reduced because the right type of people will be attracted towards the job. Also, interview proceedures should include equal opportunities for all candidates e.g. same amount of time, atmosphere must be provided with the same set of questions to be asked. This will be a fair selection proceedure to sift the most able, committed and hard working staff. Thirdly, monitoring proceedures such as individual meetings or assessment days will provide appraisals to tell employees thier strengths and weaknesses at work. Producing personal development plans mean workers set themselves tasks and try to achieve them. This will motivate them and able them to work better. All of these points mean that if the staff have good skills and commitment towards the success of the business then this i will improve cusotmer services, sales to generated profit.

Tourism and globalisation

Tourism and globalisation INTRODUCTION The overall world making (tourism and globalisation) highlights the trade which is going on in existing tourism industry. It also explains the effects of globalizing forces of post industrial movement of tourism. Moreover, it also emphasises the function of tourism which helps to produce the new global orders. During the whole session Prof Keith Holinshed have expressed different views towards worldmaking in tourism and globalisation of different authors. Some of the authors have highlighted about Disjuncture and Differences in the global economy, Globalization, Travel Migration and images of social life, Orientalisam, Worldmaking and ethnocentrism in tourism and also about sightseeing and sight exerperiencing from the article ‘intelligent tourist by Horne. Prof Keith Holinshed has also explained about the writing of Meethan who focuses on issues relating to problems of culture commodification in terms of social production of place, culture and consumption. He also shows the re lationship between tourism, globalisation, people and place. Discussion by Prof. Keith Hollinshead in the sessions Prof Keith Holinshed have explained during the Worldmaking session about different writing of authors out of which Colin Michael Hall focuses on tourism which is worlds largest industry and has many major economic environmental and social effects which are politically significant. He also addresses in the book about politics of tourism and gives us knowledge about the problems which are faced in tourism like terrorism and political instability, development and dependency, urban tourism development and its political problems etc. The author Appadurai highlights the relationship of the global cultural economy and globalisation in the worldmaking. He tells that globalization is a way to de-territorialisation but some boundaries are still existing that is he tells that there should be no deteritorialisation. He has divided the world into five dimensions that is ethnoscapes, finanscapes, mediascapes, ideoscapes, and technoscapes. The author Axford says that globalization is a single place . It involves interconnection between some boundaries and dissolving of other boundaries. It is the interaction between economic, political and cultural forces to making the single world. Sardar has explained about Orientalism which is the knowledge of Asian culture, people and languages. He also provides highly original Asian view point and highlights how orientalism has modified and reinvested during the middle ages. (Sardar 1999, 78-4) Keith has also discussed about the importance of World Disney in America. He tells that Fjellmans writings offer a review of the theoretical insights which shows the representation and signification in culture. The representation and significant in making of culture is enclosed in Fjellmans work for commodification.He has also explained about the attention which turned to Fjemllman sees the creative techno-corporate ways in which the Disney companies catch the narratives in heritage/culture and reduce them via his preferred forms of destroy and it purely match to his own national and transnational interest. (Keith 1998. Current Issues in tourism. Vol. 1, pp 58). Meethan Text Kevin Meethan have mentioned about the analysis of tourism as a global phenomenon.It examine the links between the political economy and culture. It also produces a critical analysis of concepts like authenticity, the modern and primitive , and the problem of cultural commodification.It also provides the traditional ways in which the tourism have been formulated and calls for a new approach which concentrates on the role of tourism in dynamics of change and alteration to place and cultures in a globalised world. Globalisation is not entirely the part of international and transnational connections between places but rather include a different order of relationships structured across space and time. (Meethan, 2001, pp 34, ch-2).He has also explained that the production of tourist space which involves the material environment and the socio economic circumstance which give rise to its form as well as shortening symbolic orders of meaning for both hosts and guests. He also mentioned that tourism is best conceptualised as global process of commodificaiton and consumption involving sequences of people, image and culture.Meethan have covered the issues of identity in relation to culture and place and the themes of the place, identity and authenticity which will be investigate the complexities involved in the give and take between the tourist and host population.(Meethan, 2001: 7) .Some chapters have also examine the global political economy of tourist space which deal with a symbolic and cultural economy. He said it is also important to focus on the ways in which tourism used as form of economic and social development and how this in relations to the development of a global economic order. Conclusion: From the whole unit according to me Prof. Keith make us understanding about the issue of globalisation in todays world. He tries to give us the review of how to be a part of Worldmaking and knowledge about inter connection between tourism and globalisation. He also makes us understands the Muslim view western culture through the concept of Orientalism which was written by Sardar.Meetan tries to explain the old traditional view of tourism and he argues transformation of tourism which playes dynamic role in change and reformation of place and cultures in the globalised world. While Hall highlights the negative impact of modern tourism through giving the brief overview regarding terrorism, urban tourism development and political and economic instability. Moreover Meethan tells that after seeing the complexities of modern tourism the tourist and the host population will finally get involved in culture of tourist who comes from diffent countries and different religion. On the otherside Pr of Keith explains us the writing of Sardar as the impact of western culture on Muslim people through orientlaism. He tells that Orientalism has been used as a tool of representation of western culture and impacts on host population through exploring different tools like films, television, fictions and CD -Rooms. Conclusively I would like to tell that Prof Keith has given us a deep understanding about worldmaking tourism and globalisation and how the modern tourism has shown the impact of western culture where they consider the globalisation as a single place in the whole world.