Significance of the Court Case of Gideon v. Wainwright

Importance of the Court Case of Gideon v. Wainwright Gideon v. Wainwright was contended on January 15, 1963 and chose March 18, 1963. Realities of Gideon v. Wainwright Clarence Earl Gideon was blamed for taking from the Bay Harbor Pool Room in Panama City, Florida on June 3, 1961. At the point when he requested a court selected direction, he was denied this on the grounds that as indicated by Florida law, court delegated counsel was just given on account of a capital offense. He spoke to himself, was seen as blameworthy, and was sent to jail for a long time. Quick Facts: Gideon v. Wainwright Case Argued: Jan. 15, 1963Decision Issued: March 18, 1963Petitioner: Clarence Earl GideonRespondent: Louie L. Wainwright, Director, Division of CorrectionsKey Question: Does the Sixth Amendments option to guide in criminal cases reach out to lawful offense respondents in state courts?Majority Decision: Justices Black, Warren, Brennan, Stewart, White, Goldberg, Clark, Harlan, DouglasDissenting: NoneRuling: The Supreme Court decided that under the Sixth Amendment, states mustâ provide a lawyer to any litigants in criminal cases who can't manage the cost of their own lawyers. While in jail, Gideon concentrated in the library and arranged a transcribed Writ of Certiorari that he sent to the United States Supreme Court guaranteeing that he had been denied his Sixth Amendment right to a lawyer: In every criminal indictment, the charged will appreciate the privilege to a quick and open preliminary, by a fair jury of the State and area wherein the wrongdoing will have been perpetrated, which region will have been recently discovered by law, and to be educated regarding the nature and reason for the allegation; to be defied with the observers against him; to have mandatory procedure for acquiring observers in support of himself, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his barrier. (Italics Added) The Supreme Court drove by Chief Justice Earl Warren consented to hear the case. They relegated Gideon a future Supreme Court equity, Abe Fortas, to be his lawyer. Fortas was a noticeable Washington DC lawyer. He effectively contended Gideons case, and the Supreme Court collectively governed in Gideons favor. It sent his case back to Florida to be retried with benefitâ of an open lawyer. Five months after the Supreme Court administering, Gideon was retried. During the retrial, his lawyer, W. Fred Turner, had the option to show that the central observer against Gideon was conceivably one of the posts for the theft itself. After just a single hours thought, the jury saw Gideon not as blameworthy. This noteworthy decision was deified in 1980 when Henry Fonda assumed the job of Clarence Earl Gideon in the film Gideons Trumpet. Abe Fortas was depicted by Josã © Ferrer and Chief Justice Earl Warren was played by John Houseman. Criticalness of Gideon v. Wainwright Gideon v. Wainwright overruled the past choice of Betts v. Brady (1942). For this situation, Smith Betts, a homestead specialist in Maryland had requested direction to speak to him for a burglary case. Similarly as with Gideon, this privilege was denied him in light of the fact that the territory of Maryland would not give lawyers aside from in capital case. The Supreme Court chose by a 6-3 choice that a privilege to a named counsel was not required in all cases all together for a person to get a reasonable preliminary and fair treatment in state preliminaries. It was fundamentally surrendered over to each state to choose when it would give open insight. Equity Hugo Black disagreed and composed the feeling that in the event that you were poverty stricken you had an expanded possibility of conviction. In Gideon, the court expressed that the privilege to a lawyer was a principal right ​for a reasonable preliminary. They expressed that because of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, all states would be required to give counsel in criminal cases. This noteworthy case made the requirement for extra open protectors. Projects were created in states around the nation to help enroll and train open protectors. Today, the quantity of cases guarded by open safeguards is gigantic. For instance, in 2011 in Miami Dade County, the biggest of the 20 Florida Circuit Courts, around 100,000 cases were alloted to Public Defenders.

Six Cities In Canada Essays - Eastern Canada,

Six Cities In Canada Autonomous STUDY PROJECT CANADIAN POPULATION CHANGE IN SIX CITIES Populace Change in Six Canadian Cities Since the primary second that people showed up in Canada, Canada has experienced numerous progressions and will keep on doing as such over the long haul. One of the most exceptional perspectives is the development and improvement of enormous urban communities all through the nation. In spite of the fact that Canada is the second biggest nation on the planet, Canada's populace stays brought together around those districts where openings are accessible. As a result of the measure of chances and other social elements, individuals from over the world move to enormous assorted Canadian urban areas, for example, Chicoutimi-Jonquiere, Montreal, Oshawa, Toronto, Winnipeg, and Vancouver. Somewhere in the range of 1991 and 1996, Canadian urban communities have changed essentially. Utilizing the referenced urban communities as studies to show Canada's development, figures show that Winnipeg and Oshawa follow to some degree indistinguishable patterns from well as Toronto and Vancouver. Chicoutimi-Jonquiere and Montreal then again follow their own examples. The last two are considerably more not quite the same as the others since they are French overwhelmed urban communities. In any case, most patterns happening in every one of the six urban communities are consequences of Canadian history. Populaces in these urban areas are altogether different, Toronto has the most elevated populace and a generally high populace increment somewhere in the range of 1991 and 1996 because of various elements. At the point when pioneers initially settled in Canada, they settled along the southern piece of what are currently Ontario and Quebec. From that point forward Canada's inside has stayed in these locales and pulls in numerous migrants with its elevated level of work and openings. Toronto stays progressively alluring to migrants anyway because of its socially differing populace and upscale work openings. Montreal, who has an enormous populace, is anyway not as fast with developing its populace due to the present insecurity because of separatists and in light of the fact that most foreigners are not Francophones making a littler want move to Montreal. Then again, Montreal is a very business situated city and an enormous community for companies, central station, and private company, which in turns makes a go getter spot to live who might be bilingual or French talking. Out of the six chose urban communities, Oshawa and Vancouver have the quickest developing populaces. Oshawa being extremely centered around the vehicle business, offers lodging at lower costs than different pieces of Toronto's encompassing peripheries, and in this manner draws in numerous vagrants; Oshawa likewise has an exceptionally low populace in the first place and hence is makes it simpler to have a higher percentile of development. The developing city of Vancouver is additionally quickly becoming because of universal migrants, generally from Southeast Asia, in view of its short separation over the sea and its various measures of import and fare ports. Along these lines, Southeast Asians can show up rapidly and less exorbitant when traversing the Pacific Ocean. Chicoutimi-Jonquiere, the most minimal populated city, is the main city with a diminishing populace. Situated in northern Quebec, Chicoutimi and Jonquiere are homes to numerous Native Canadians, Metis, and French Loyalists. The urban communities are French arranged and are not alluring spots for foreigners except if the settlers have a particular explanation behind moving to this area. Populace diminished by 474 individuals or 0.3% of the multi year range for absence of pull elements to stand out, in this manner while individuals are either leaving the area or kicking the bucket, insufficient are being conceived or moving so as to supplant each other. Populace is unevenly appropriated across Canada because of history, global relations and existing networks, and will keep on being very scatter as long as various sums and societies of individuals move to chosen urban communities and locales. Toronto and Vancouver, dissimilar to the next four urban areas are assorted in social minorities; they are home to a lot of migrants and convey wide scopes of dialects among their populaces. The other four urban communities either fall into English spoken or French spoken occupants. Chicoutimi-Jonquiere, being home to numerous Natives and French are commanded by non-English primary language individuals, with not many migrants and not many noticeable minorities; in the mean time, Oshawa and Winnipeg have populaces ruled by the individuals who essentially communicate in English, are non outsiders and are not of obvious minority. Once more, the social parts of these urban communities have especially to do with the urban areas' history and work set up.

An Asymmetric Discussion of Shoes, the Process of Moving, and 3D Glasses

An Asymmetric Discussion of Shoes, the Process of Moving, and 3D Glasses Today I will tell you how to get into MIT. You get into MIT by wearing thick, waterproof shoes, because the road to MIT is paved with slush. (Yes, all of them. I tried.) Slush blooms like grey wildflowers on concrete during murkily warm, precipitation-infatuated Januaries. This I gleaned from a morning of traipsing from car-to-door with luggage stuffed like roasted peppers (the stuffed kind, you know), ferrying the bare-stripped evidence of my baryonic selfhood in three suitcases, two boxes, and a broken laundry hamper mashed onto the cushions of a green car. (Is “green” somewhat of a creative-imagery let-down? To be specific, the car was nearly the exact color of the Green Party logo, but I thought that “Green-Party-green car” would be too much of a modifier sandwich.) Slush, puddled with motor juice under thin skins of ice, is the terror of unscotchgarded ankles in urban New England. Slush is a test of courage and moral fiber. MIT is not a school for the daintily-shod. For that, I direct you to the sun-drenched, flip-flop-friendly sidewalks of that other school in Southern California, where the socially-repulsive pairing of socks with sandals is an acceptable solution to hard weather. (By “hard,” I mean “comparatively pleasant.”) By the way, Im sure some of you think that “shoes” is a metaphor for perseverance, academic ambition, or high SAT scores, but I urge you to read this literally. Forget having brilliant ideas or scientific ingenuity or whatever; you cant pulverize a chunk of snow in your path by factoring large integers on a quantum computer in polynomial time, unless your shoe also runs Shors algorithm.* *Inexplicably, as I was writing this, I mentally permuted a well-known tongue-twister into “Shoes solve Shor cells in the C shell.” Long story shor(t), I moved out of Random Hall and into pika on Monday. The purest of all unimportant joys may well be the clarity of knowing exactly what you own. To be precise, I have no clue whether I own any free will* or whether I still own my Intro to Solid State Chem. textbook after lending it out to some guy named Cappie, but theres little point in chasing after the unanswerable. After the sad, sweet, soul-searching-and-room-searching process of moving out of Random Hall, I can list everything I own that interacts with photons and has never interacted with Cappie. *Evidence against the existence of free will: I lost the game while writing this. So I typed out this poem. Apologies to anyone who can read; after 1.5 years at MIT, I consider poetry to be a list of junk in my suitcases with line indentations partially inspired by e.e. cummings* and partially inspired by Python code. *By “e.e. cummings,” I mean “the Wikipedia entry on e.e. cummings.” Unmachinewashable sweaters, Unmachinewashable electronics (laptop, etc.), A problem set for 8.07 sublimated by Maxwell Stress Tensor puns (I was tired that week, alright? I just couldnt feel any sympathy for how stressed and tense the electromagnetic field was.), A mechanical caterpillar, Name-brand ketchup (Heinz) as well as a phonetic ripoff of name-brand ketchup (Hunts), Van Gogh flipbook in which the artist cyclically loses and regains his ear if you flip it forwards and backwards in sequence, Stephen Hawkings Universe (although hes been asking for it back. Not that I wanted it in the first place, considering how much entropy he put in it.), Stamps, the kind that last for- ever supposedly. (Stephen Hawking hates these stamps because they violate all sorts of physical laws when they fall into black holes.), Five bottles of free hand sanitizer, courtesy of H1N1. (In a moment of face-slapping irony, I realized soonafter that my list of possessions does not in fact include a room at pika, thanks to technical details of the housing system. For the past week, Ive been sleeping in the back of Ruths room, storing my unmachinewashable luggage in Dave GradStudents room without his knowledge/consent, and waking up every morning in gorgeous pools of sunlight that softy obliterate my aversion to homelessness.) Between transferring addresses, splurging a weekend on Mystery Hunt, helping build a sounding rocket with an X-ray telescope (its going into outer space in 2011! As opposed to inner space, which is where mathematicians like to take dot products), cramming a 16-week class into 4 weeks, grading for the class that convinced me to major in Physics a year ago, not blogging, and sleeping five hours per night, Ive been tossing a problem around in the liminal spaces between rational thought and crazy conjecture. Im going to share it here, with the warning that it lurks around in a playground of optical physics and offers to give you plenty of brain candy if you follow it a bit further. (Dont take candy from strange physics questions.) A few weeks ago, my friend Aviv* went to see a certain movie and returned home with a pair of magical 3D glasses. They were magical not only because theyll probably win an Academy Award for Best Inanimate Object in Cinema but also because of the strange way in which they filtered light. When Aviv looked in the mirror through his new glasses and closed his left** eye, he saw one lens of the glasses go dark while the other one remained transparent. Take a guess. Which lens was which? *Avivs defining characteristics are (1) competence at both computer programming and roller-skating (he worked for Google and roller skates in Boston regularly without getting concussions) and (2) surviving on a diet consisting of only broccoli, strawberry yogurt, and chewy bars. Unrelatedly, the most bizarre thing that Ive said to a mathematician recently was, “Did you know that if you cut up broccoli, you just end up with exponentially more broccoli than you had originally? Thats because broccoli is a fractal.” **Left and right here will always be in reference to Aviv, not the mirror image of Aviv. If youve read that 3D glasses usually work by polarization, the natural assumption is that the left lens went dark when Aviv closed his left eye. Imagine that the left lens is horizontally polarized while the right is vertically polarized. The light from Avivs closed (left) eye is horizontally polarized after it passes through the left lens, remains horizontally polarized when it bounces off the mirror at near-normal incidence, and gets completely blocked by the vertically-polarizing lens over Avivs open (right) eye. Thus, he doesnt see any light from the area covered by the left lens of his glasses, whereas the vertically-polarized light from his right eye still gets through the vertically-polarized right lens. Great! Problem solved. Now lets go make a PBS special. Except that exactly the opposite phenomenon happened. When Aviv closed his left eye, he saw the right lens go dark. That is, he could see his closed eye but couldnt see his open eye in the mirror. [EDIT: Just to be clear, I ruled out the possibility of the linear polarizing system described above as soon as he mentioned this. Avatar was released in three different 3D formats, according to Wikipedia, and two of them offer interesting solutions to Avivs question.] After 15 minutes of Googling all possible combinations of “Avatar,” “3D glasses,” “what the heck, I thought I knew how light worked,” I stumbled upon a paper summarizing the technical specs of the Avatar glasses. (The discovery of this document is left as an exercise to the reader.) Quickly cobbling together a few scraps of peripheral 8.03 knowledge, I scribbled down a halfway decent explanation and went to bed. The next morning, I decided it was basically all wrong. Two hours later, I decided it could be workable with a few changes. And then I decided that I simply needed more data. Thus, gentle reader, I implore you to try the following tests and post your observations if you happen to have a pair of Avatar 3D glasses and a mirror within close reach: 1.Put on the glasses, look in the mirror, close one eye. Do you confirm Avivs observation? 2.Look at light reflecting off a surface at an angle of around 50-60 degrees from the normal. Close one eye. Close the other eye. Does the light disappear either way? If so, open the eye that doesnt block the light, close the other eye, and tilt your head 90 degrees or until sufficiently uncomfortable. See if the intensity of light changes. 3.Repeat both of the above tests wearing the glasses backwards. (That is, face the outside of the glasses toward your eye.) 4.Repeat Test 1 with a reflective metal surface instead of a mirror. In the meantime, I encourage you to comment here if you have an explanation. Scientific backing is appreciated but not necessary.

An Asymmetric Discussion of Shoes, the Process of Moving, and 3D Glasses

An Asymmetric Discussion of Shoes, the Process of Moving, and 3D Glasses Today I will tell you how to get into MIT. You get into MIT by wearing thick, waterproof shoes, because the road to MIT is paved with slush. (Yes, all of them. I tried.) Slush blooms like grey wildflowers on concrete during murkily warm, precipitation-infatuated Januaries. This I gleaned from a morning of traipsing from car-to-door with luggage stuffed like roasted peppers (the stuffed kind, you know), ferrying the bare-stripped evidence of my baryonic selfhood in three suitcases, two boxes, and a broken laundry hamper mashed onto the cushions of a green car. (Is “green” somewhat of a creative-imagery let-down? To be specific, the car was nearly the exact color of the Green Party logo, but I thought that “Green-Party-green car” would be too much of a modifier sandwich.) Slush, puddled with motor juice under thin skins of ice, is the terror of unscotchgarded ankles in urban New England. Slush is a test of courage and moral fiber. MIT is not a school for the daintily-shod. For that, I direct you to the sun-drenched, flip-flop-friendly sidewalks of that other school in Southern California, where the socially-repulsive pairing of socks with sandals is an acceptable solution to hard weather. (By “hard,” I mean “comparatively pleasant.”) By the way, Im sure some of you think that “shoes” is a metaphor for perseverance, academic ambition, or high SAT scores, but I urge you to read this literally. Forget having brilliant ideas or scientific ingenuity or whatever; you cant pulverize a chunk of snow in your path by factoring large integers on a quantum computer in polynomial time, unless your shoe also runs Shors algorithm.* *Inexplicably, as I was writing this, I mentally permuted a well-known tongue-twister into “Shoes solve Shor cells in the C shell.” Long story shor(t), I moved out of Random Hall and into pika on Monday. The purest of all unimportant joys may well be the clarity of knowing exactly what you own. To be precise, I have no clue whether I own any free will* or whether I still own my Intro to Solid State Chem. textbook after lending it out to some guy named Cappie, but theres little point in chasing after the unanswerable. After the sad, sweet, soul-searching-and-room-searching process of moving out of Random Hall, I can list everything I own that interacts with photons and has never interacted with Cappie. *Evidence against the existence of free will: I lost the game while writing this. So I typed out this poem. Apologies to anyone who can read; after 1.5 years at MIT, I consider poetry to be a list of junk in my suitcases with line indentations partially inspired by e.e. cummings* and partially inspired by Python code. *By “e.e. cummings,” I mean “the Wikipedia entry on e.e. cummings.” Unmachinewashable sweaters, Unmachinewashable electronics (laptop, etc.), A problem set for 8.07 sublimated by Maxwell Stress Tensor puns (I was tired that week, alright? I just couldnt feel any sympathy for how stressed and tense the electromagnetic field was.), A mechanical caterpillar, Name-brand ketchup (Heinz) as well as a phonetic ripoff of name-brand ketchup (Hunts), Van Gogh flipbook in which the artist cyclically loses and regains his ear if you flip it forwards and backwards in sequence, Stephen Hawkings Universe (although hes been asking for it back. Not that I wanted it in the first place, considering how much entropy he put in it.), Stamps, the kind that last for- ever supposedly. (Stephen Hawking hates these stamps because they violate all sorts of physical laws when they fall into black holes.), Five bottles of free hand sanitizer, courtesy of H1N1. (In a moment of face-slapping irony, I realized soonafter that my list of possessions does not in fact include a room at pika, thanks to technical details of the housing system. For the past week, Ive been sleeping in the back of Ruths room, storing my unmachinewashable luggage in Dave GradStudents room without his knowledge/consent, and waking up every morning in gorgeous pools of sunlight that softy obliterate my aversion to homelessness.) Between transferring addresses, splurging a weekend on Mystery Hunt, helping build a sounding rocket with an X-ray telescope (its going into outer space in 2011! As opposed to inner space, which is where mathematicians like to take dot products), cramming a 16-week class into 4 weeks, grading for the class that convinced me to major in Physics a year ago, not blogging, and sleeping five hours per night, Ive been tossing a problem around in the liminal spaces between rational thought and crazy conjecture. Im going to share it here, with the warning that it lurks around in a playground of optical physics and offers to give you plenty of brain candy if you follow it a bit further. (Dont take candy from strange physics questions.) A few weeks ago, my friend Aviv* went to see a certain movie and returned home with a pair of magical 3D glasses. They were magical not only because theyll probably win an Academy Award for Best Inanimate Object in Cinema but also because of the strange way in which they filtered light. When Aviv looked in the mirror through his new glasses and closed his left** eye, he saw one lens of the glasses go dark while the other one remained transparent. Take a guess. Which lens was which? *Avivs defining characteristics are (1) competence at both computer programming and roller-skating (he worked for Google and roller skates in Boston regularly without getting concussions) and (2) surviving on a diet consisting of only broccoli, strawberry yogurt, and chewy bars. Unrelatedly, the most bizarre thing that Ive said to a mathematician recently was, “Did you know that if you cut up broccoli, you just end up with exponentially more broccoli than you had originally? Thats because broccoli is a fractal.” **Left and right here will always be in reference to Aviv, not the mirror image of Aviv. If youve read that 3D glasses usually work by polarization, the natural assumption is that the left lens went dark when Aviv closed his left eye. Imagine that the left lens is horizontally polarized while the right is vertically polarized. The light from Avivs closed (left) eye is horizontally polarized after it passes through the left lens, remains horizontally polarized when it bounces off the mirror at near-normal incidence, and gets completely blocked by the vertically-polarizing lens over Avivs open (right) eye. Thus, he doesnt see any light from the area covered by the left lens of his glasses, whereas the vertically-polarized light from his right eye still gets through the vertically-polarized right lens. Great! Problem solved. Now lets go make a PBS special. Except that exactly the opposite phenomenon happened. When Aviv closed his left eye, he saw the right lens go dark. That is, he could see his closed eye but couldnt see his open eye in the mirror. [EDIT: Just to be clear, I ruled out the possibility of the linear polarizing system described above as soon as he mentioned this. Avatar was released in three different 3D formats, according to Wikipedia, and two of them offer interesting solutions to Avivs question.] After 15 minutes of Googling all possible combinations of “Avatar,” “3D glasses,” “what the heck, I thought I knew how light worked,” I stumbled upon a paper summarizing the technical specs of the Avatar glasses. (The discovery of this document is left as an exercise to the reader.) Quickly cobbling together a few scraps of peripheral 8.03 knowledge, I scribbled down a halfway decent explanation and went to bed. The next morning, I decided it was basically all wrong. Two hours later, I decided it could be workable with a few changes. And then I decided that I simply needed more data. Thus, gentle reader, I implore you to try the following tests and post your observations if you happen to have a pair of Avatar 3D glasses and a mirror within close reach: 1.Put on the glasses, look in the mirror, close one eye. Do you confirm Avivs observation? 2.Look at light reflecting off a surface at an angle of around 50-60 degrees from the normal. Close one eye. Close the other eye. Does the light disappear either way? If so, open the eye that doesnt block the light, close the other eye, and tilt your head 90 degrees or until sufficiently uncomfortable. See if the intensity of light changes. 3.Repeat both of the above tests wearing the glasses backwards. (That is, face the outside of the glasses toward your eye.) 4.Repeat Test 1 with a reflective metal surface instead of a mirror. In the meantime, I encourage you to comment here if you have an explanation. Scientific backing is appreciated but not necessary.

Influir Conjugation in Spanish, Translation, and Examples

The Spanish verb influir means to influence or to have influence on someone or something. Another verb with the same meaning is influenciar. This article includes the conjugations of influir in the present, past and future indicative, the present and past subjunctive, the imperative, and other verb forms. When conjugating influir, you must be careful with a spelling change that occurs whenever the vowel i would end up between two other vowels. When that happens, the i turns into y. For example, in the first person singular present (yo), the conjugation of influir would be yo influio. Since Spanish does not allow an i between two vowels, it changes into a y, so you end up with yo influyo (I influence). Influir Present Indicative In the present indicative tense, the spelling change i to y occurs in all of the conjugations except nosotros and vosotros. Yo influyo I influence Yo influyo en las decisiones de mi familia. Tà º influyes You influence Tà º influyes en la vida de tu hijo. Usted/à ©l/ella influye You/he/she influences Ella influye en las negociaciones de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a. Nosotros influimos We influence Nosotros influimos en los resultados de las elecciones. Vosotros influà ­s You influence Vosotros influà ­s en el estado de à ¡nimo de vuestra amiga. Ustedes/ellos/ellas influyen You/they influence Ellos influyen en la dieta de los estudiantes. Influir Preterite Indicative In the preterite tense the spelling change i to y occurs only for the third person singular and plural conjugations. Yo influà ­ I influenced Yo influà ­ en las decisiones de mi familia. Tà º influiste You influenced Tà º influiste en la vida de tu hijo. Usted/à ©l/ella influyà ³ You/he/she influenced Ella influyà ³ en las negociaciones de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a. Nosotros influimos We influenced Nosotros influimos en los resultados de las elecciones. Vosotros influisteis You influenced Vosotros influisteis en el estado de à ¡nimo de vuestra amiga. Ustedes/ellos/ellas influyeron You/they influenced Ellos influyeron en la dieta de los estudiantes. Influir Imperfect Indicative There are no spelling changes in the imperfect tense. To conjugate the imperfect simply use the ending for -er and -ir verbs (à ­a, à ­as, à ­a, à ­amos, à ­ais, à ­an). The imperfect can be translated as was influencing or used to influence. Yo influà ­a I used to influence Yo influà ­a en las decisiones de mi familia. Tà º influà ­as You used to influence Tà º influà ­as en la vida de tu hijo. Usted/à ©l/ella influà ­a You/he/she used to influence Ella influà ­a en las negociaciones de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a. Nosotros influà ­amos We used to influence Nosotros influà ­amos en los resultados de las elecciones. Vosotros influà ­ais You used to influence Vosotros influà ­ais en el estado de à ¡nimo de vuestra amiga. Ustedes/ellos/ellas influà ­an You/they used to influence Ellos influà ­an en la dieta de los estudiantes. Influir Future Indicative There are no spelling changes in the future tense. Yo influirà © I will influence Yo influirà © en las decisiones de mi familia. Tà º influirà ¡s You will influence Tà º influirà ¡s en la vida de tu hijo. Usted/à ©l/ella influirà ¡ You/he/she will influence Ella influirà ¡en las negociaciones de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a. Nosotros influiremos We will influence Nosotros influiremosen los resultados de las elecciones. Vosotros influirà ©is You will influence Vosotros influirà ©is en el estado de à ¡nimo de vuestra amiga. Ustedes/ellos/ellas influirà ¡n You/they willinfluence Ellos influirà ¡n en la dieta de los estudiantes. Influir Periphrastic  Future Indicative   The periphrastic future is formed with three components: the present indicative conjugation of the verb ir (to go), the preposition a, and the infinitive influir. Yo voy a influir I am going to influence Yo voy a influir en las decisiones de mi familia. Tà º vasa influir You aregoing toinfluence Tà º vasa influiren la vida de tu hijo. Usted/à ©l/ella vaa influir You/he/she isgoing toinfluence Ella vaa influiren las negociaciones de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a. Nosotros vamosa influir We aregoing toinfluence Nosotros vamosa influiren los resultados de las elecciones. Vosotros vaisa influir You aregoing toinfluence Vosotros vaisa influiren el estado de à ¡nimo de vuestra amiga. Ustedes/ellos/ellas vana influir You/they aregoing toinfluence Ellos vana influiren la dieta de los estudiantes. Influir Present Progressive/Gerund Form The present participle or gerund can be used as an adverb or to form progressive tenses. It is formed with the ending -ando (for -ar verbs) or -iendo (for -er and -ir verbs). When forming the gerund for influir, notice the spelling change i to y. Present Progressive of Influir està ¡ influyendo is influencing Ella està ¡ influyendo en las negociaciones de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a. Influir Past Participle The past participle can be used as an adjective or to form compound tenses, like the present perfect. It is formed with the ending -ido for -er and -ir verbs and the ending -ado for -ar verbs. Present Perfect of Influir ha influido has influenced Ella ha influido en las negociaciones de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a. Influir Conditional Indicative In the conditional tense are no spelling changes. It is formed with the infinitive influir and the conditional endings. Yo influirà ­a I would influence Yo influirà ­a en las decisiones de mi familia si me escucharan. Tà º influirà ­as You would influence Tà º influirà ­as en la vida de tu hijo si tuvieran una mejor relacià ³n. Usted/à ©l/ella influirà ­a You/he/she would influence Ella influirà ­aen las negociaciones de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a si fuera la jefa. Nosotros influirà ­amos We would influence Nosotros influirà ­amos en los resultados de las elecciones, pero no somos suficientes. Vosotros influirà ­ais You would influence Vosotros influirà ­ais en el estado de à ¡nimo de vuestra amiga si no estuviera deprimida. Ustedes/ellos/ellas influirà ­an You/they wouldinfluence Ellos influirà ­an en la dieta de los estudiantes, pero no comen lo que les sirven. Influir Present Subjunctive In the present subjunctive, the spelling change i to y occurs in all of the conjugations. Que yo influya That I influence Patricia espera que yo influya en las decisiones de mi familia. Que tà º influyas That you influence El abuelo quiere que tà º influyas en la vida de tus hijos. Que usted/à ©l/ella influya That you/he/she influence El gerente espera que ella influya en las negociaciones de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a. Que nosotros influyamos That we influence El presidente espera que nosotros influyamos en los resultados de las elecciones. Que vosotros influyà ¡is That you influence El consejero sugiere que vosotros influyà ¡is en el estado de à ¡nimo de vuestra amiga. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas influyan That you/they influence La nutricionista espera que ellos influyanen la dieta de los estudiantes. Influir Imperfect Subjunctive The imperfect subjunctive is conjugated with the third person plural conjugation (ellos, ellas, ustedes) in the preterite tense (influyeron), removing the on, and then adding the imperfect subjunctive endings. The tables below show the two options for conjugating the imperfect subjunctive. Option 1 Que yo influyera That I influenced Patricia esperaba que yo influyera en las decisiones de mi familia. Que tà º influyeras That you influenced El abuelo querà ­a que tà º influyeras en la vida de tus hijos. Que usted/à ©l/ella influyera That you/he/she influenced El gerente esperaba que ella influyera en las negociaciones de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a. Que nosotros influyà ©ramos That we influenced El presidente esperaba que nosotros influyà ©ramosen los resultados de las elecciones. Que vosotros influyerais That you influenced El consejero sugerà ­a que vosotros influyerais en el estado de à ¡nimo de vuestra amiga. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas influyeran That you/they influenced La nutricionista esperaba que ellos influyeranen la dieta de los estudiantes. Option 2 Que yo influyese That I influenced Patricia esperaba que yo influyese en las decisiones de mi familia. Que tà º influyeses That you influenced El abuelo querà ­a que tà º influyeses en la vida de tus hijos. Que usted/à ©l/ella influyese That you/he/she influenced El gerente esperaba que ella influyese en las negociaciones de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a. Que nosotros influyà ©semos That we influenced El presidente esperaba que nosotros influyà ©semosen los resultados de las elecciones. Que vosotros influyeseis That you influenced El consejero sugerà ­a que vosotros influyeseis en el estado de à ¡nimo de vuestra amiga. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas influyesen That you/they influenced La nutricionista esperaba que ellos influyesenen la dieta de los estudiantes. Influir Imperative Most of the imperative conjugations have the spelling change i to y. The tables below contain both the positive and negative commands. Positive Commands Tà º influye Influence!  ¡Influye en la vida de tus hijos! Usted influya Influence!  ¡Influya en las negociaciones de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a! Nosotros influyamos Let's influence!  ¡Influyamos en los resultados de las elecciones! Vosotros influid Influence!  ¡Influid en el estado de à ¡nimo de vuestra amiga! Ustedes influyan Influence!  ¡Influyan en la dieta de los estudiantes! Negative Commands Tà º no influyas Don't influence!  ¡No influyas en la vida de tus hijos! Usted no influya Don't influence!  ¡No influya en las negociaciones de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a! Nosotros no influyamos Let's not influence!  ¡No influyamos en los resultados de las elecciones! Vosotros no influyà ¡is Don't influence!  ¡No influyà ¡is en el estado de à ¡nimo de vuestra amiga! Ustedes no influyan Don't influence!  ¡No influyan en la dieta de los estudiantes!

7 Historical Facts About New Amsterdam

Narrative Report On Police Narrative - 788 Words

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Scenarios as a Statistical Problem Harris Green Pty Ltd

Questions: Question 1 (a) For each of the following scenarios: classify the variable as either numerical or categorical, AND state whether the scale of measurement is nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio.(i) Fast food restaurants sell soft drinks in three sizes - small, medium and large. (ii) A manufacturing company is sending millions of car parts overseas. (b) Classify each of the following scenarios as a statistical problem in either descriptive statistics, probability or statistical inference. (i) Based on the survey conducted by Harris Green Pty Ltd, researchers predicted that group buying websites will be the most popular method for buying electrical and electronics products in the future. (ii) A survey of 1000 adult drivers conducted by News Today shows that 45% of drivers admit to drinking and 36% admit to talking on the mobile phone while driving a vehicle. Question 2 The following data shows the service times (in seconds) for a sample of 96 customers who arrived at the service counter of a local hospital. 105 101 99 100 105 101 102 91 102 100 104 100 98 99 107 99 101 97 101 92 100 100 101 103 94 106 94 102 93 109 100 103 103 109 96 101 103 103 101 100 98 96 98 104 96 105 103 97 102 106 100 108 100 100 99 99 104 98 106 107 108 102 93 100 101 105 108 99 96 101 100 99 106 95 92 108 102 105 105 81 89 103 108 98 109 106 101 102 104 97 103 108 104 98 109 108 (a) Construct a stem-and-leaf diagram using this data. You need to generate between 5 and 10 stems only for the diagram. (b) Draw a histogram for the frequency distribution with the first class 79 to less than 86. On the same graph draw the frequency polygon. (c) Draw an ogive for the frequency distribution in Part (b) with the first class 79 to less than 86. Question 3 A health research agency has recently collected the following information when investigating the occurrences of skin cancer in a certain population of beach goers: 7% of beach goers, who do not use any sun-screen lotion develop skin cancer at some stage in their life. 1% of beach goers, who use sun-screen lotion develop skin cancer at some stage in their life. 90% of beach goers use sun-screen.Use this information to answer the following questions. (Hint: construct a contingency table.)(a) If a beach goer is randomly selected, what is the probability that the person uses sun-screen lotion and yet develops skin cancer at some stage in life? (b) If a beach goer is randomly selected, what is the probability that the person develops skin cancer at some stage in life? (c) If a beach goer is randomly selected who has already developed skin cancer, what is the probability that the person does not use sun-screen lotion? (d) What is the probability that a beach goer randomly selected will not develop skin cancer in life time or uses sun-screen lotion? Question 4 (a) A local supermarket receives fresh fruits delivery each morning at a time that varies uniformly between 6:00am and 8:00am. What delivery time can you be confident in stating that 95 percent of deliveries will arrive before? (b) The maintenance department of a citys electric power company finds that it is cost-efficient to replace all street-light bulbs at once, rather than to replace the bulbs individually as they burn out. Assume that the lifetime of a bulb is normally (Gaussian) distributed with a mean of 8000 hours and a standard dev iation of 300 hours. If the department wants no more than 3% of the bulbs to burn out before they are replaced, after how many hours should all of the bulbs be replaced? (c) The time between unplanned shutdowns of an Internet service provider has an exponential distribution with a mean of 20 days. Find the probability that the time between two unplanned shutdowns is 13 days. Question 5 (a) The probability of success in a trial is 0.70. In 500 trials, what is the probability of succeeding between 280 and 355 times? Use normal approximation to the binomial distribution with continuity correction. (b) Toyota requires a quality assurance check of new cars before a shipment is made. The tolerable exception rate for this internal control is 0.05. During an audit, 400 cars were sampled from a population of 4,000 cars, and 10 were found that violated the internal control. Calculate the upper bound for a 95% one-sided confidence interval estimate for the rate of noncompliance. (c) BP wishes to estimate the mean amount of water that has seeped into the fuel storage tanks at its refineries in Sydney. A preliminary sample of n = 16 tanks showed that the standard deviation, s = 48 litres. How much larger should the sample be in order to estimate the mean water content of the tanks to within 10 litres with 95% confidence? Answers: 1.aiCategorical Variable and Ordinal ScaleThe data is categorical because there are 3 given categories small, medium and large and as the categories shows a degree of order it is considered in the ordinal scale.iiNumerical Variable and Ratio scaleThe number of cars is the count of the number of cars and therefore is the numerical variable and having ratio scale.bi Probability or Statistical Inference For the purpose of prediction and inference the help of regression or anova is required and since here it is said that the researchers were able to forecast the which will be the most profitable company in the future : this analyis is considered to be a probability or statistical inference analysis.iiDescriptive Statistics Here the mean percentages are given which are evaluated from the summary statistics/descriptive statistics giving description of the data. No Inference or prediction is done here only the data is studied thoroughly. 2. The stem and leaf diagram is given below. Most o f the data are given in the 90s and 100s values therefore the stem have total 10 stems with 5 for each. The 80s gives the least number of values. As the data is lies between a very close interval and the numbers are in close proximity therefore the stem and leaf plot gives a good representation of the numbers. It can be seen that maximum values are 98,99,100,101and 110 them. For the values in the 90s , the second half of the values show much more frequency especially the value 99 arrives very often followed by the value 98. The values 100 and 101 havee the maximum frequencies . Stem-and-Leaf PlotFrequency Stem Leaf 2.00 Extremes (=89) 1.00 9 . 1 4.00 9 . 2233 3.00 9 . 445 7.00 9 . 6666777 13.00 9 . 8888889999999 22.00 10 . 0000000000001111111111 15.00 10 . 222222233333333 11.00 10 . 44444555555 7.00 10 . 6666677 11.00 10 . 88888889999Stem width: 10Each leaf: 1 case(s)As seen from the stem and leaf plot if we look at the histogram we can almost see the same diagrammatic representati on. There is almost no frequency for values 86- 94 as is evident from the data. Maximum values are concentrated near the 98-106 range showing that maximum customers remained for a time between this time. Referring to the stem and leaf diagram also maximum frequencies occurred for the values 100 and 101. Then there was a again a slight continueous decline of the values.This would be more evident if further a table of summary staistics including the mean, standard deviation is implemented. The frequency polygon representing the histogram is given below the histogram(Conway, 1963). Upper Limits Frequency 86 1 90 1 94 7 98 14 102 36 106 24 110 13 More 0 Upper Limits Frequency Cumulative % 86 1 1.04% 90 1 2.08% 94 7 9.38% 98 14 23.96% 102 36 61.46% 106 24 86.46% 110 13 100.00% More 0 100.00% From the above diagram the ogive or the cumulative frequency diagram shows the cumulative frequency plots over the histogram with a gradual increasing trend.For the ogive from the table corresponding to the data limits are given the frequencies and then the cumulative frequency table because it is necessary to calculate cumulative frequencies to draw an ogive as it is a cumulative frequency diagram. The rate of increments within the data can be observed from the diagram. 3. From the given data the following contigency table has been formulated with the number of people going to the beaches. First the division is made by the number of people going to the beaches who use sunscreen and people who donot use sunscreen. Another division is made with the number of people having skin cancer and without skin cancer. It is a bivariate frequency table showing percentage of beach goers among the total number of beach goers. Skin Cancer No Skin Cancer Total Use Sunscreen 1 90 Donot Use SunScreen 7 10 Total 8 92 100 i Total % of beach goers = 100%% of favourable cases = 1% people developing skin cancer although using sunscreenTherefore probability = 1/100i Total % of beach goers = 100%% of favourable cases = 1%(beachgoers using sunscreen) +7% (beachgoers not using sunscreen) = 8%Therefore Probability = 8/100 ii Percentage of people who developed a skin cancer = 8%Percentage of people having skin cancer and donot use sun skin = 1%Therefore Probability = 1/8iii Total % of Beach goers =100%% of beach goers not developing cancer in lifetime = 92%Therefore probability = 92/100iv Also Total % of Beach goers =100%% of beach goers using sunscreen =90%Therfore probability = 90/1004. a The distribution of delivery times follows a uniform distribution.The mean of the uniform distribution is 6+8/2 = 7 a.m.And variance = (8-6) 2/12 = 4/12 = .333Thefore the 95 percent confidence interval giving the upper limit for the delivery time is given belowZ/2 = 1.96 therefore upper confidence level =7+1.96*.333 = 7.65 c The exponential distribution here explains the time intervals of unplanned shut downs of the internet service providers where the mean of the number of days of unplanned shutdown is 20 days(Ahsanullah Hamedani, 2010). pdf of an exponential distribution = e-x Here mean = 20 Then probability that the time between the unplanned shutdowns = 13days If x= time between two unplanned shutdowns = 13 days Then probability = 20*e-20*135. As the distribuion was about the rate of success and failure it was initially a binomial distribution but since here the toat sample size is 500 which is much greater thean 20 and since p lies between .05 to .95 and had a value of .70 therefore it was approximated by the normal distribution. aSuccess probability for a trail, i.e. p = .70Total number of trials = 500Therefore n=500This binomial distribution is to be approximated by a normal distribution (Frederic P. Miller, 2009).Therefore Z = X np/npq, where X is a binomial variable with n=500 and p = .7 0.Np = mean of Z = 500*.70 = 350 and npq = 105Now the required problem is to find P[280-350/105Z355-350/105]= P[-6.8 Z.487]=P[ Z.487] - P[ Z-6.8] = .687 -0.0 =.687Therefore required probability is .687.b Here the rate of non compliance is given as .05 Therefore p = .05 and q= 1-.05 = .95The sample size n = 400 and the confidence level is given as 95%.Therefore the upper bound for the 95% level of confidence is given belowP*q/n = .000119 , now P*q/n = .011 Now Z/2 =1.96 , P*q/n * Z/2 = .022 =errorTherefore upper margin = .05+.022 = .07d Here the standard deviation calculated from a sample before = 48The error permitted in the data =+-10 The confidence level is 95%.The relevant sample size that should generate the proper estimate of the mean is given by the formula Sample size = [(Z/2 * S.d)/Error Margin on both sides]2Here Z/2 = 1.96 Sample size = [1.96 * 48/10]2 = 88.51. 72 more tanks are needed. References Ahsanullah, M., Hamedani, G. (2010). Exponential distribution. New York: Nova Science Publishers.Conway, F. (1963). Descriptive statistics. Leicester: Leicester University Press.Frederic P. Miller, A. (2009). Confidence interval. [S.l.]: Vdm Pub. House.

Adventures Of Huck Finn Examination Essays - Literature, Fiction

Adventures Of Huck Finn Examination Huckleberry Finn provides the narrative voice of Mark Twain's novel, and his honest voice combined with his personal vulnerabilities reveal the different levels of the Grangerfords' world. Huck is without a family: neither the drunken attention of Pap nor the pious ministrations of Widow Douglas were desirable allegiance. He stumbles upon the Grangerfords in darkness, lost from Jim and the raft. The family, after some initial cross-examination, welcomes, feeds and rooms Huck with an amiable boy his age. With the light of the next morning, Huck estimates "it was a mighty nice family, and a mighty nice house, too"(1335). This is the first of many compliments Huck bestows on the Grangerfords and their possessions. Huck is impressed by all of the Grangerfords' belongings and liberally offers compliments. The books are piled on the table "perfectly exact"(1335), the table had a cover made from "beautiful oilcloth"(1335), and a book was filled with "beautiful stuff and poetry"(1335). He even appraises the chairs, noting they are "nice split-bottom chairs, and perfectly sound, too--not bagged down in the middle and busted, like an old basket"(1335). It is apparent Huck is more familiar with busted chairs than sound ones, and he appreciates the distinction. Huck is also more familiar with flawed families than loving, virtuous ones, and he is happy to sing the praises of the people who took him in. Col. Grangerford "was a gentleman all over; and so was his family"(1338). The Colonel was kind, well-mannered, quiet and far from frivolous. Everyone wanted to be around him, and he gave Huck confidence. Unlike the drunken Pap, the Colonel dressed well, was clean-shaven and his face had "not a sign of red in it anywheres" (1338). Huck admired how the Colonel gently ruled his family with hints of a submerged temper. The same temper exists in one of his daughters: "she had a look that would make you wilt in your tracks, like her father. She was beautiful"(1339). Huck does not think negatively of the hints of iron in the people he is happy to care for and let care for him. He does not ask how three of the Colonels' sons died, or why the family brings guns to family picnics. He sees these as small facets of a family with "a handsome lot of quality" (1339). He thinks no more about Jim or the raft, but knows he has found a new home, one where he doesn't have to go to school, is surrounded by interior and exterior beauty, and most importantly, where he feels safe. Huck "liked that family, dead ones and all, and warn't going to let anything come between us"(1340). Huck is a very personable narrator. He tells his story in plain language, whether describing the Grangerford's clock or his hunting expedition with Buck. It is through his precise, trusting eyes that the reader sees the world of the novel. Because Huck is so literal, and does not exaggerate experiences like Jim or see a grand, false version of reality like Tom Sawyer, the reader gains an understanding of the world Mark Twain created, the reader is able to catch Twain's jokes and hear his skepticism. The Grangerford's furniture, much admired by Huck, is actually comically tacky. You can almost hear Mark Twain laughing over the parrot-flanked clock and the curtains with cows and castles painted on them even as Huck oohs and ahhs. And Twain pokes fun at the young dead daughter Huck is so drawn to. Twain mocks Emmeline as an amateur writer: "She warn't particular, she could write about anything you choose to give her to write about, just so it was sadful"(1337). Yet Twain allows the images of Emmeline and the silly clock to deepen in meaning as the chapter progresses. Emmeline is realized as an early portent of the destruction of Huck's adopted family. The mantel clock was admired by Huck not only for its beauty, but because the Grangerfords properly valued beauty and "wouldn't took any money for her"(1337). Huck admired the Grangerfords' principles, and the stake they placed in good manners, delicious food, and attractive possessions. But Huck realizes in Chapter 18 that whereas the Grangerfords may value a hand-painted clock more than money, they put little value on human life. Buck Grangerford provides the third view of the Grangerford's world. He is the same age as Huck; he has grown up in a world of feuding, family picnics, and Sunday sermon that are appreciated but rarely followed. Buck, from when he meets Huck until he is

The True Devils in Salem Essays - Salem Witch Trials, The Crucible

The True Devils in Salem Essays - Salem Witch Trials, The Crucible The True Devils in Salem English - The Crucible by Arthur Miller The True Devils in Salem In The Crucible by Arthur Miller, the madness of the Salem witch trials is explored in great detail. There are many theories as to why the witch trials came about, the most popular of which is the girls' suppressed childhoods. However, there were other factors as well, such as Abigail Williams' affair with John Proctor, the secret grudges that neighbors held against each other, and the physical and economic differences between the citizens of Salem Village. From a historical viewpoint, it is known that young girls in colonial Massachusetts were given little or no freedom to act like children. They were expected to walk straight, arms by their sides, eyes slightly downcast, and their mouths were to be shut unless otherwise asked to speak. It is not surprising that the girls would find this type of lifestyle very constricting. To rebel against it, they played pranks, such as dancing in the woods, listening to slaves' magic stories and pretending that other villagers were bewitching them. The Crucible starts after the girls in the village have been caught dancing in the woods. As one of them falls sick, rumors start to fly that there is witchcraft going on in the woods, and that the sick girl is bewitched. Once the girls talk to each other, they become more and more frightened of being accused as witches, so Abigail starts accusing others of practicing witchcraft. The other girls all join in so that the blame will not be placed on them. In The Crucible, Abigail starts the accusations by saying, "I go back to Jesus; I kiss his hand. I saw Sarah Good with the Devil! I saw Goody Osburn with the Devil! I saw Bridget Bishop with the Devil!" Another girl, Betty, continues the cry with, "I saw George Jacobs with the Devil! I saw Goody Howe with the Devil!" >From here on, the accusations grow and grow until the jails overflow with accused witches. It must have given them an incredible sense of power when the whole town of Salem listened to their words and believed each and every accusation. After all, children were to be seen and not heard in Puritan society, and the newfound attention was probably overwhelming. In Act Three of The Crucible, the girls were called before the judges to defend themselves against the claims that they were only acting. To prove their innocence, Abigail led the other girls in a chilling scene. Abby acted as if Mary Warren sent her spirit up to the rafters and began to talk to the spirit. "Oh Mary, this is a black art to change your shape. No, I cannot, I cannot stop my mouth; it's God's work I do." The other girls all stared at the rafters in horror and began to repeat everything they heard. Finally, the girls' hysterics caused Mary Warren to accuse John Proctor of witchcraft. Once the scam started, it was too late to stop, and the snowballing effect of wild accusations soon resulted in the hanging of many innocents. After the wave of accusations began, grudges began to surface in the community. Small slights were made out to be witchcraft, and bad business deals were blamed on witchery. Two characters in The Crucible, Giles Corey and Thomas Putnam, argue early on about a plot of land. Corey claims that he bought it from Goody Nurse but Putnam says he owns it, and Goody Nurse had no right to sell it. Later, when Putnam's daughter accuses George Jacobs of witchery, Corey claims that Putnam only wants Jacobs' land. Giles says, "If Jacobs hangs for a witch he forfeit up his property - that's law! And there is none but Putnam with the coin to buy so great a piece. This man is killing his neighbors for their land!" Others also had hidden motives for accusing their neighbors. Once the accusations began, everyone had a reason to accuse someone else which is why the hangings got so out of hand. The wave of accusations can be likened to mass hysteria, in which the people involved are so caught up that they start having delusions of neighbors out to do them harm. One of the main accusers, Abigail Williams, had an ulterior motive for accusing Elizabeth Proctor. In The Crucible, Abigail believed that if she got rid of Goody Proctor, then John Proctor, her husband, would turn to Abby. John Proctor had an affair with Abigail, but for

Assignment Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Assignment Questions - Essay Example s internet marketing, owing to the fact that it is rapidly increasing in popularity in the contemporary business environment and may attract a substantial number of clients. Planning: Identification of resources needed to market the bicycle; identification of target markets for the bicycle; identification of marketing channels i.e. e-marketing and assessing marketing condition i.e. market prices, competitors among others. Implementation: This stage would involve exposing the products to the identified marketing channels; exposing the bicycles to the identified target market and offering them at standard market price that benefits that company and affordable to clients Evaluation: This would involve assessing efficacy of the marketing procedures that have been put in place i.e. Are clients satisfied with the company’s e-marketing procedures? Are the prices offered cost-effective? The factors that would be considered when considering the product failure are: Competition from new and emerging alternative products; prices; efficacy of the product in satisfying customers’ needs and marketing strategies as well as clients’ perception on the product. Improve operational efficiency of the product, especially after reviewing customers’ complaints; in addition, the market price of the product would be adjusted accordingly. After an analysis of the marketing strategy, possible improvements would be made. Consequently, research would be performed on the market trends to determine new and emerging alternative products and identify how our product can be improved to meet market standards. Yes. To be a good innovator, one must be willing to accept failure; this ensures that one creates a chance for undertaking research to identify causes of improvements, thus making necessary

Sociology Theory of Symbolic Interactionism Essay

Sociology Theory of Symbolic Interactionism - Essay Example For one, symbolic interactionists highly consider the importance of subjective meaning within any kind of human interaction or intercommunication. Evidently, the principles marked in symbolic interactionism generate implications particularly to the study of sociology. This paper briefly traces the history of the concept of symbolic interactionism. Further, it discusses the definition of symbolic interactionism given by Herbert Blumer. And finally, the paper examines the impacts of symbolic interactionism to three prominent strands or levels, namely, intrapersonal state, interpersonal process, and social institution. Of history The emergence of the term â€Å"symbolic interactionism† basically originates from Herbert Blumer of the University of Chicago; it was in the 1930s when Blumer coined such term and, from there, established the key concepts or principles attributed to present-day symbolic interactionism (Appelrouth & Edles, 2008). It is strange, though, that Blumer (1968) describes his coinage as â€Å"somewhat barbaric neologism† (p. 1). Of course, every new word -- neologism is derived from the Greek language which means â€Å"new word† -- is strange or foreign especially to people who are not accustomed or familiar to it. Nevertheless, the barbaric description is far from being scholarly. Perhaps Blumer chooses the signifier â€Å"barbaric† in describing his new sociological theory for the reason that such theory or concept emphasizes the subjectivity of persons with regard to certain symbols or meanings. In the process, the â€Å"barbaric† aspect of symbolic interactionism is rightly construed by the fact that such theory critically opposes the dominant thoughts (i.e., objectivity) marked in the early 20th century. On the other hand of the scale, Blumer (1968) highly considers George Herbert Mead to be the central figure who â€Å"laid the foundations of the symbolic interactionist approach† (p. 1). Like Blumer , Mead is associated to the University of Chicago. Mead is famous for his idea of symbols or meanings as shared by many people or minds. Especially in the realm of language, he argues that symbols and their meanings are constructed and reconstructed -- in essence, shared -- by interacting persons. Similar to other symbolic interactionists, Mead views the individual human self as a social construction in which it is â€Å"crafted through the linguistic exchanges† (as cited in Harter, 1999, p. 677). However, Blumer (1968) still holds that he is the one who developed or expounded the full version of such sociological theory in spite of Mead’s being the â€Å"founder† of symbolic interactionism (p. 1). Generally speaking, symbolic interactionism is historically traceable to the â€Å"Chicago School† of sociology (Burnier, 2005). Of theory Blumer (1968) categorically defines the concept of symbolic interactionism as a â€Å"distinctive approach to the study o f human group life and human conduct† (p. 1). In order to fully appreciate this definition, there are five key elements that need to be emphasized and discussed: (1) approach, (2) human, (3) group, (4) life, and (5) conduct. First, Blumer views the theory of symbolic interactionism as an approach in studying a particular phenomenon salient in human society. As an approach, there are several premises, ideas, or frameworks that constitute such an approach or methodology; and these premises or frameworks are the fundamental principles that make-up

Participants in Construction Projects

Participants in Construction Projects A construction project is a task undertaken in the production of construction products. The term project in this context is being used for the total activity from inception to commissioning and occupation, involving an agreed and planned objective and total input of specialist participants and their interrelationships. It is a temporary non-recurrent activity that is started, implemented, evaluated and terminated. This activity is undertaken in response to demand (direct, derived, individual or collective) for construction activity. Moreover, the activity is complex and, hence, necessitates the input of large numbers of participants with different disciplines to carry out the separate but interrelated functions of design, engineering, costing, pricing, and production. The participants who are engaged to work on the project are mainly unaccustomed to working with each other and, hence, projects activity imposes a special demand on team building and motivation. In addition, every parti cipant should be made aware of all the governing conditions, objectives, responsibilities, relationship and basic parameters of the construction project. Construction projects vary considerably in size and complexity. Moreover, generally complex projects tend to be large amount of service element. This complexity poses major problems of bounded rationality, risks and uncertainty. Project Participants The participants to construction project procurement are the client (who is the initiator), the multi-disciplinary construction consultants (who act as the clients professional advisers) and the building contractor (who constructs the building). Together, this group of participants takes on and manages sequence of distinct but unrelated activities of the construction process from beginning to the end. A construction project, to all intents and purposes, is the production of capital goods and, like any other capital investment, involves careful planning and decision making. Construction projects generally are complex and composed of many activities. It is this complexity that calls for the input proposals of designers, contractors, suppliers and statutory authorities for their production. Although thee procurement method adopted may vary the relationship of the participants, there will always be a proposer (client), designer (architect/engineer), construction team (builder), statutory authorities (gas, electricity, fire and water) and area local authority. A. The Client The client is the key to the whole construction production process from inception to completion and at times to post-occupancy maintenance. Without the client there would be no construction project. Construction industry clients either identify user potential or create the need for the facilities and raise the necessary financial resources for their creation. They initiate the construction process by commissioning various construction professional to build to specific requirement. During the design and construction phases, the client directly or indirectly monitors progress, time, cost, and quality objectives and sanctions any necessary major variations to the design. Finally, on completion, it is the client who either disposes of the product at the marketplace or takes occupation and bears the repairs and maintenance cost of his/her investment. Therefore, the construction industry looks to many clients for work and, generally, these may be classified as public sector clients or clients from the private sector. A1. Public sector client These are public authorities whose operations are governed generally by Acts of Parliament. They act as agents for the central government who exercise control over their capital building programmes and expenditure. The key public sector clients for the UK construction industry are: Central government department, who are responsible for their own programme of construction on projects. Local authorities, who are responsible for the provision of housing, school, libraries, swimming pool, halls, sports centers and the like. Some health authorities, which are responsible for hospital buildings. Public corporations (e.g. British Rail and Air Transport boards), who are responsible for the provision of buildings and other construction products for their own use. A2. Private sector client These are private companies that build for leasing, renting, sale or own occupation. The central government only exercises a limited amount of control over their operations (e.g. planning controls for proposed development). The private sector clients for the construction industry are many and may be classified as follows: Multi-national companies (e.g. Ford, Cadburys. ICI and Esso) who construct factories, production plants, offices and distribution depots for their own use. National companies (e.g. Tesco, Sainsburys and Woolworths) who construct buildings for their own use in warehousing and retail. Local property development companies, who construct offices, factories, shops and houses speculatively for hire, lease or sale. Private clients, who construct new buildings, or extent, refurbish or repair the existing building for own occupation, letting, leasing or sale. B. Consultant office (The Design Team) All the developing design stage it is imperative that architectural design and details are well integrated with those of structural, mechanical and electrical engineers. The architect as the design team leader is responsible for design integration. And all the design team members are playing the important role during the design stage. B1.The Architect Traditionally, the design function in the construction process is the responsibility of an architect who is a professionally qualified person whose role is to interpret the clients project requirements into a specific design or scheme. Design is taken to include appearance composition, proportion, structure, function and economy of product, but in addition the architect performs the function of obtaining planning permission for the scheme. In most times, too, the architect supervises and organizes the entire construction process, starting with consulting with the client and ending with commissioning. As an established practice, the architect plays the leading role in the construction process. He or she collects, coordinates, controls and disseminates project information to all project participants. As a project team leader, the architect performs various functions in all stages of construction process, which includes: Ascertaining, interpreting and formulating the clients requirement into an understandable project brief. Designing a building to meet the clients requirement and constraints imposed by such factors as statutory obligations, technical feasibility, environmental standards, site conditions and cost. Bringing together a team of construction professionals such as the quantity surveyor, structural engineer and service engineer to give expert guidance on specific points of the clients construction project. Assessing clients cost limit and timescale, and specifying the type and grade of materials/components for use on the construction project. Preparing production information for pricing and construction and inviting tenders from building contractors. Supervising the construction on sire, constantly keeping client informed of the projects progress and issuing production instructions as and when required. Keeping the client informed of the status of the projects cost and advising ion when payment should be made or withheld. Advising on the conduct of the project generally and resolving all contractual disputes between client and the building contractor. Issuing the certificate of completion, the certificate of making good defects and the final certificate for payment. Generally, the architect acts as an agent for all purposes relating to designing, obtaining tenders for and superintending the construction work for whish he or she has been commissioned. To be able to perform above function efficiently, the architect must process, among other things, the attributes of foresight, an understanding of construction materials, communicating and coordinating abilities, essential design skills and an ability to design within a set budget. B2. Engineers B2a. The Structural Engineer The structural engineer acts as an advisor to the architect on all structural problems such as stability of the structure, suitability of materials proposed, structural feasibility of the proposed design and sizes of structural members for a construction project. Normally, the structural design engineer submits his/her various structural calculations to the area local authority for approval at the same time as the architect submits his/her drawings for building regulations approval. In addition, the structural engineer performs structural design and supervises his or her specialist area of the construction project during production on site. B2b. The Services Engineers Like the structural engineer, the services engineers (plumbing, electrical, heating and ventilating, air conditioning, sanitation, lifts and escalators and so on) contribute to the building design process to ensure that thermal and visual comfort are achieved effectively. For this reason, they analyze the clients requirement and priorities and advise the architect on the most appropriate design solution. They prepare diagrams of their proposals or services layout of the proposed construction project on the separate drawings and the architect includes these in the tender drawings sent out to contractors for competitive bidding. Once the services engineers have made their contributions to the design, they ensure that their contributions have been correctly interpreted, installed and commissioned. Where services engineers design layout causes any structural problems, the advice of the structural engineer is sought. There is also a need for the architect to coordinate the route of pipes, cables and ducts for various services on the project. The duties and responsibilities of the structural and services engineer include the following: Providing specialist advice and assisting in the design of the construction project within the scope of their respective specialist field. Producing calculations or other relevant data to assist in the design, cost planning, and the assessment of suitability of materials/components and the like. Supervising their respective specialist fields of the project and modifying or redesigning work whenever required. B3. The Quantity Surveyor The quantity surveyor is responsible for the study of the economies and financial implications of a construction project and, hence, he or she would be the appropriate construction professional to advise client/architect on matters relating to the economies and cost of a proposed construction project. Traditionally, quantity surveyors organize themselves into small practices; however, many are now to be found in contracting and client organizations. Those in private practice are mostly chosen and appointed by clients on the recommendation of an architect. As cost is one of the deciding factors in most construction projects, the quantity surveyor is brought in at the earliest opportunity to advise the client or architect on the cost of various schemes proposed. The quantity surveyor is also able to perform several functions on construction projects, and these may be summarized as follows: Preparation of preliminary cost advice and approximate estimating. Preparation of cost plan and carrying out cost studies (investment appraisal, life cycle costing and the like). Preparation of contract documentation for contractor selection and construction project administration. Evaluation of contractors tenders received with documentations for acceptance or rejection. Preparation of cash flow forecasts and institution of post-contract cost monitoring/reporting mechanisms. Valuation of variations that arise as the works proceed and preparation of interim valuations at regular intervals. Preparation of periodic cost report for the architect or client. Preparation and agreement of final account with the contractor. Evaluation and settlement of contractors claim for direct loss and/or expenses. Settlement of contractual disputes. C. The contractor The production aspects of construction projects are undertaken by building contractors who are essentially commercial companies that contract to construct development projects. Although many major contracting establishments are able to undertake both design and production work, their primary function is to build and to organize their considerable resources basically as a manufacturing organization. Duties and responsibilities of the contractor commence upon invitation to tender and include the following: Carrying out a full site investigation prior to submission of tender to ensure that the bid includes all the cost of contractual risks and problems. Submitting priced bills of quantities for examination and/or correction of any errors when required by the architect. Planning and programming the works and reprogramming thereafter whenever unforeseen events frustrate the program. Controlling directly employed operatives, sub-contractors, suppliers, materials and plant for the execution of the project to programme and cost. Coordinating efforts of all operatives and ensuring that the completed works comply with the contract specification and are also to the satisfaction of the architect. Notifying the architect of information requirements, delays to the construction programme, discrepancy between contract documents, direct loss and/or expense sustained and so on. Paying the wages of directly employed operatives, sub-contractors and suppliers in time to avoid conflicts over payment. Supplying all the information required by the clients professional advisers for the proper administration of the works. Taking steps to carry out the contractors obligations to rectify all defects on completion of the works. Providing post-occupancy repair and maintenance service if so required by the client.

Trapped in the Middle :: Essays Papers

Trapped in the Middle The middle. When one thinks of the middle, he or she may think about the middle of a street, a class, or the middle of the country. One may also consider the middle of thought, traffic, or of an argument. After asking more than ten people what they thought of what the middle was, none of them ever mentioned the middle of two cultures or traditions. In the essay, The Homeland, written by Gloria Anzaldua, Anzaldua describes her homeland as being a little of both Mexican and American cultures. She talks about the history of Mexico and how the borders between Mexico and the United States were created. She explains how the creation of the border has dramatically changed the lives of the Mexican people. She describes the border by using many metaphorical devices; one such example is that of the ocean, â€Å"where earth touches ocean, where the two overlap; a gentle coming together, and at other times and places a violent clash† (Anzaldua, 319). Anzaldua is very rea listic and descriptive in her text. She uses many forms of writing in her personal narrative, which creates an eye-opening and touching story. She concludes her essay with giving the reader a metaphor of what her homeland is to her, a â€Å"thin edge of barbed wire† (327). Anzaldua explains how she is stuck in the middle of two cultures due to a variety of reasons. Those reasons include, the fact that she struggles knowing that the Mexicans must depend on the Americans to live; yet the Americans are too ignorant to even know what is going on. Moreover, the fact that she lives in America yet her heart and soul lie in the Mexican culture causes her to feel split between the two traditions. I, too, feel for Anzaldua, yet I am Portuguese and not Mexican. Though I do not relate completely with her, I do in many ways. After reading The Homeland, I was opened up to a new story about another culture and at the same time it opened myself up to new ideas about my own. After reading Andaldua’s The Homeland, I was shocked to see myself realize that much of the information that she presented had already been exposed to me, yet I never bothered to look at both perspectives.

Becton Dickinson: World Wide Blood Collection Team Essay

Problem Identification Becton Dickinson a manufacturing company, with operations worldwide, and revenues of over $2.7 billion was founded in 1897, and had ten core businesses organized into two product sectors: medical and diagnostic. Mainly US domestic operation was beginning to give way to expanding international sales, warranting a separate division in Europe. By 1970s, the company was organized by business divisions centered in US and focusing on the largely domestic US market, and an International sector. Since most revenues were earned from the domestic market, priority tended to be domestic, which frustrated managers in foreign countries who wanted to focus more on the resources on their local market. Going international, better said, transnational was the beginning of an evolving problem that Becton Dickinson would face in the upcoming years. Causes of Problem Becton Dickinson and Company (BD) was a supplier of medical products and diagnostic systems to healthcare professionals, the medical industry, hospitals and the general public which included mostly medical gloves, hypodermic needles and intravenous catheters in the medical sector. Blood collection devices, automated systems to detect and identify bacteria and blood cell analysis systems were one of the few diagnostic products that Becton Dickinson produced. During the 1970s BD’s managers did not really take the international market as serious as they should do. Orders were only processed, when the domestic ones were filled out and completed. Furthermore, the managers’ refusals to accept and consider new product requests from abroad were a big threat to the company. In 1980, BD’s senior executives decided to take attempts to develop products and strategic ways to meet the worldwide demands of marketing needs for medical technologies. The competition did not sleep and started expanding into Europe, which began to be another threat to Becton Dickinson not only for the international sector, but also for the US market. Realizing this, BD started to build European Strategic Business Units (SBUs) that reported to the headquarters in the US. Growing concerns about emphasis given to international sales,  especially with European managers voices becoming loud, concerns led to a study senior management’s readiness to consider a new structure of BD’s worldwide activities. A consulting firm offered two structural solutions: â€Å"The Worldwide Product Division† and â€Å"Europe as an Equal Partner†, which was appealing as a way to ensure greater dedication of resources to Europe, but also threatening to duplicate efforts and costs, with the danger of different strategies slowly emerging in each division. After meeting with Harvard professor Christopher Bartlett and his colleague Sumantra Ghoshal â€Å"The Transnational Solution† was born in cooperation with the senior managers. The solution has three faces to it. The first was the challenge faced by MNCs to simultaneously achieve global efficiency, local responsiveness and worldwide innovation. The second was that these objectives needed an environment of international differentiation and asymmetry. Thirdly, they advised firms not to merely change formal reporting lines, but to focus on underlying cultures and values. A typical chain reaction was, that these circumstances affected how Becton Dickinson faced a challenge in implementing a structure that would overcome challenges posed by the growth of business outside of USA. Lack of clear vision and goals by previous management, a lack of clear articulation of the same to second line management and other employees down the chain of command are just some of the few problems that BD had to solve. Alternatives Changes to the existing organizational structure. A change to the existing structure is urgently needed, so that there’s a shift from a corporate mentality to an organization driven by Strategic Planning. This would include meeting the need for a global collaboration and local flexibility that they so badly needed as a fast growing multinational company. Managers and company itself were not prepared, which the case showed, and the lack of anticipation for the need of a suitable structure for a growing company then led to the issue, of quick fixes. This means that whenever managers in other parts of the world were discontent, only then did top management in the US would start to respond and make quick fixes to structural issues.  Cooperation and commitment between top management, middle management and employees is another important part of the change. With no cooperation, and divisions going in different direction the company soon showed signs of urgent need for structural re-designing. Disadvantages to this re-designing could result in a complete departure from the existing task based matrix structure, while others wanted to retain the structure but with minimum changes. This could as well lead to dissatisfaction within the managers and even employees. Secondly, another problem to restructuring is how well conflicts are managed or avoided all together as the company continues to have more divisions out of its central control. Open Research and Development plants in Europe and Japan. With the more and more growing market in these two sectors, Becton and Dickinson should focus on creating R&D centers within these areas and not only in the US with organizations in non-US divisions. Kozy’s thoughts about the future should also include that the European sector is an immensely fast growing one. Within seven years the net trade sales increased by over a $100 million, whereas the US sector increased by â€Å"only† $80 million. Looking at the numbers, you can see that Europe is on the move. A Research and Development center in England, for example, would help to produce local needs and act faster than going through the whole process of talks with US R&D departments and the European R&D organizations. Knowing that with Dufresne BD has a â€Å"champion† on its boat, he should be able to set up his own team of researchers, build a real Development center and take some things in his, better said, the European division’s hand. Japan not to exclude, which has also rising numbers and different marketing needs would also profit from an own R&D plant. Different needs require different solutions, therefore having the US as the only R&D plant, will not help the company nor its divisions. Even with regional R&D managers, like Dufresne, and R&D organizations outside the US, he still does not have team to work and interact with on a day-to-day basis. This would also help to accelerate new product development and quality standards, while maintaining the current distribution systems Budget restrains are a major disadvantage in BD’s case. Total expenses are high in Europe and the numbers jumped in the years from 1985 – 1992 from ca. $10,000 to a high $31,000. The plant would not only bring extra costs, but land had to be bought, people would have to be hired, and machines would have to be purchased. Another negative aspect looking at a plant in Europe or Japan would be the loss of power that the US headquarters and R&D currently have. Becton Dickinson’s US division still wants to have a certain power over its foreign ones. Therefore giving up the R&D department to a certain extent would not be everyone’s favorite in the senior management’s committee. Give Europe and Japan divisions more operating power. As for now, BD’s European and Japanese divisions are quite under the control over the â€Å"parental† guidance and supervision of the US division. The evolution from this classic structure to a new transnational company is a very important part in the future of Becton Dickinson. Even with the introduction of World Blood Collection Team (WBCT), I think that a division in itself should have more power in deciding which products to introduce, which marketing steps should be taken, etc. In the early 80’s the Japan division suffered from not being heard upon on what is need in this division. BD lost small market share in that time. The WBCT illustrated in Exhibit 8(p. 385) illustrates the Strategic, the Operations and the Marketing Team within the whole company including the whole World Blood Collection Team. In my eyes, a smaller group separated in regional divisions would help the success of the company. For example, they could combine the President BC Europe, the Director Manufacturing Europe and the Director of Marketing Europe in one group to run the regional division Europe. They would then have the power to decide which steps should be taken, what to manufacture and how and where to do the marketing. The negative aspect of this approach is that this might leave the path that WBCT and BD in general have taken up until now and again this alternative might run into problems and dissatisfaction with the headquarters. It could also lead to complete separation of the diverse division from the headquarters mission and plans on where the company wants to go. Best Alternative Looking at Becton Dickinson’s past and the way they used to business, the best alternative would be the first one mentioned of the three. Changes to the existing organizational structure, which is also part of the third alternative, would be affecting the outcome the most. The way the company will be working, how the employees will be situated within the company and most importantly how the whole company will be structured, not just domestically, but in the transnational field, is what makes them more competitive. Implementation Steps It would appear that the phenomenal growth of the business was an ambition in the managers’ plans, but they did not make any efforts to construct a structure that would suit for a company whose operations were growing with big leaps. However, there is need to make some changes to the existing structure, so that there’s a shift from a corporate mentality to an organization driven by Strategic Planning. In order to create organizational learning, top management has to create a sense of shared purpose and belonging for all divisions and individuals in the company. There is no better way to do it than to implement an organizational structure that allows and pushes free flow of information from division to division, and back to corporate headquarters without a feeling of restrictive set-ups. The main task of the top management is to shape behaviors of people and create an environment that enables them to take initiative and be more and more cooperative. Another important step is to restructure systems to reflect a willingness to accommodate different geographical and product needs. The old system was structured to suit an operation around the US, and was only slightly changed to accommodate European operations, which were still not considered equal by the US headquarters. Now with sales and operations fully developed outside of the US, it is wise to decentralize some decision-making centers so as to  allow for innovation, local responsiveness and flexibility.