Integration of Aristotle’s Four Causes and Ego Psychology Essay

Ego Psychology Theory is based on Freud’s structure of mind model of identity, ego, and superego elaborated in more detail. Individuals have different ego controlling between primitive drives and realities. Individuals always deal with identities, drives and egos. However, if one has good control with ego, they can express their desire, drives and morals in realistic and socially appropriate ways. If failed, one confronts difficulties such as conflict with inner self and loss of mature interpersonal relationship. However, throughout lifetime, individuals change their feelings and behaviors to better fit their needs or minimize their conflict between primitive drives and realities. The material cause for ego psychology is identity and ego. Individuals are born with primitive drives, sexual desires, and egos which enable to organize their identity, drives and synthesize judgment, defined as decisions toward another in feelings, or to be aware of drives that affects feelings in accord with reality. In other words, ego can give a right direction for or control identity drives, whether it is satisfied or not in light of reality. The formal cause of ego psychology is ego development which is follows by means of the individual’s needs, e. g. , affiliation with others, learning, etc. Hartmann says that we must develop â€Å"autonomous ego-development† (Hartmann, 1958, p, 101). The ego must be understood in relation with the individual’s needs and drives, traits, expectations, and values. According to Hartmann, people’s defense mechanism develop their ego. Hartmann pointed out that â€Å"the defense processes may simultaneously serve both the control of instinctual drive and adaptation to the external world. † (Hartmann, 1958, p. 51) The efficient cause is adaptation – â€Å"reality mastering† and a reciprocated relationship between an individual and his or her environment. The outcome of successful adaptation implies â€Å"fitting together† (Hartmann 1958, p, 36). If individuals overcome their conflicts, they are lead to their functions which are more or less closely related to the perceive reality. Therefore, successful adaptation embeds an individual in an environment. Also, it solves conflict among individual needs, capacities, and their environments due to the complicated tendencies of defensive egos. In early stages the ego is focused on differentiating itself from others and on affirming its separate existence though expression of drives. Later, the individuals begin to learn rules of conduct to follow in order to avoid group criticism (Martin,1981). The impact of interpersonal and environmental factors is thought to be crucial to the evolution of mature ego functions during the lifelong developmental process. The final cause of ego psychology is to find better adaptation and sustain ego function with regard to individual needs to adapt to their environments, drives, traits, and expectations. Other manifestations of social functioning problems and self regulation and control of drives affect other people’s perceptions is central to the development of an individual’s behaviors and are appropriate in certain circumstances. People, because of their inevitable and requisite relationship with the world, are subject to change their attitudes, behaviors, and even their egos in order to cope with the changes and demands of other people around them and in the group they belong in. References Irving M. Rosen. (1968) Ego psychology of the adult years.Journal of Religion and Health, Volume 7, Number 3 PDF (243. 6 KB) Retrieved May 2, 2008, from SpringerLink database. Hartmann, Heinz. (1958) Ego psychology and the problem of adaptation. New York, NY: International Universities Press. Martin A, James. (2000) Ego psychology notes. Retrieved Apr. 2, 2008, from http://www. brynmawr. edu/Acads/GSSW/jam/switr/991415. htm Martin, Grotjahn. (1981) The therapeutic group process in the light of developmental ego Psychology. Group, Volume 5. Retrieved May 2, 2008, from SpringerLink database.

Wedell Berry essays

Wedell Berry essays Berry, Wendell. Sex, Economy, Freedom, Wendell Berry, self-styled intellectual, social commentator and purveyor of common sense, authored a biting series of essays on the state of American life and economy, compiled in 1993 under the title Sex, Economy, Freedom Sex... is certainly an easy read, the same does not apply to its author. Berry introduces his essays with a preface centered on the value of education and the importance of understanding. It is here that the Kentuckians backwoods wit shines in all its sarcastic glory. In a hilarious incisive listing of the basic assumptions accepted by most participants in modern higher education, Berry cites the systems failures and mocks its current goals. To point out the common understanding of the utility of education as a career tool, designed and obtained as a device for monetary profit, is perhaps the master stroke of the work, and Berrys third listed assumption does so masterfully. Also worthwhile is Berrys attack on jargon and its use as a placard of intellectual superiority, though it might be construed as betraying a general ignorance of the value of specialized language in specialized fields. Compounding this rationale is the post script to the preface, in which Berry maligns the supposed value of electronic newspapers. Doubtless, from his early 1990s persp ective, this now-common means of communication across the internet may have seemed fanciful and emaciating, while the pa...

Understanding Informal Speak Gonna and Wanna

Understanding Informal Speak Gonna and Wanna Wanna and gonna are two examples of informal spoken American English. Wanna means want to, and gonna means going to. Youll hear these phrases in movies, pop music and other forms of entertainment, although you are less likely to hear them in more formal shows, like the news. These two expressions are not generally used in written English but in spoken English. Wanna and gonna are examples of reductions. Reductions are short, commonly used phrases that are spoken quickly. These reductions tend to be used for function words such as auxiliary verbs. It is important to remember that there are  differences in American English and British English pronunciation. British English also has its own exceptions in pronunciation.   There are different views on whether students should use this type of pronunciation. In my opinion, students who live in North America should at least be familiar with these forms as they will hear them every day. If students decide to use this pronunciation, they should remember that it is appropriate only for informal spoken English and should not be used (except for texting, perhaps) in written English. Reductions in Questions The most common reductions are found at the beginning of questions. Heres a list of important reductions with the pronunciation written out to help you learn to recognize them in everyday American English. To begin with, listen to this reduction pronunciation sound file of the most common questions. Are you ...? aryaCan you ...? kinyaCould you ...? kudjaWould you ...? wudjaDid you ...? didjaDo you ...? dojaDont you ...? donchaWill you ...? wiljaDo you want to ...? doyawannaAre you going to ...? aryagonnaDo you have to ...? dijahafta Focus on the Main Verb If you choose to use reductions, it is important to focus on the main verb in the question to correctly pronounce using reductions. In other words, we quickly speak over the reduced forms (are you, could you, etc.) and stress the main verb. Listen to these example reduced questions to hear how the main verb is stressed. Are you ...? arya Are you enjoying yourself?Are you going to help me tonight? Can you ...? kinya Can you say that again?Can you understand me? Could you ...? kudja Could you help me?Could you visit next month? Would you ...? wudja Would you like to have dinner?Would you answer my question? Did you ...? didja Did you see him?Did you buy it? Do you ...? dija Do you play tennis?Do you eat fish? Dont you ...? doncha Dont you love it?Dont you understand? Will you ...? wilja Will you come with me?Will you finish tonight? Do you want to ...? diyawanna Do you want to have fun?Do you want to eat out? Are you going to ...? aryagonna Are you going to leave?Are you going to have lunch? Do you have to ...? dijahafta Do you have to stay?Do you have to work today? Gotta and Wanna Two of the most common reductions are gotta and wanna. Gotta is the reduction of got to. Its rather strange because its use means have to. In other words, in informal American English I got to get up early means I have to get up early. This is then further reduced to I gotta get up early. Wanna means want to and is used to indicate the desire to do something. For example, I wanna go home. means I want to go home. A synonymous expression is also I would like to go home. However, this form is much more formal.

Organizational Behavior Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Organizational Behavior - Movie Review Example Similarly, Nanny employs the goal setting and reinforcement theories. She is committed to changing the children’s behavior by teaching them the five lessons. Fundamentally, goal-setting theory centers on devising targets, showing commitment, and creating support systems (Borkowski, 2011). The employment of the reinforcement theory is evident when the children pretend to have contracted measles. Nanny punishes the children by giving them concoctions while indoors (Doran & Jones, 2006). The application of attribution theory is evident in the Nanny McPhee movie. Borkowski (2011) contends that attribution theory centers on the way and the reason people explain events in a certain manner. Attributions inform the behavioral and emotional responses (Borkowski, 2011). Nanny identified that destructive and unbearable behavior of the children, and planned on a workable way to change them. The spirit of optimism pointed by Borkowski motivated Nanny to endeavor to change the children’s behavior. The children were unruly to everyone, including Mr. Brown (Doran & Jones, 2006). Similarly, Nanny McPhee promoted the psychological closeness that enabled the children to adjust their

Alden, Inc Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Alden, Inc - Case Study Example Presenting a receiving report to the supplies is important I an organization to acknowledge receipt of the materials to avoid challenges with supply. The control procedures for the above problems include passing a policy for the removal of materials from the store room only under written authorization and recording of the amount and value of the materials retrieved. Keeping a perpetual inventory system is the other procedure to solve the problems at Alden. This will allow tracking o material usage at Alden for the company to be able to forecast sales and making demand forecasts to avoid losses from shortages and reduce theft. Sending receipt reports to the supplies and checking on quantity and quality needs to ensure the supplies meet the specification of the company. An Integrated Enterprise Resource Planning system can be used to solve the above weaknesses through the development of bill of materials by the ERP system when supplies are made, developing a perpetual inventory system in the ERP system through entering inventory levels, addition, and withdrawals from the store to get the inventory at a given time (Hamilton, 2003). This will allow the ERP system to make forecasts on the usage of the materials and ensure the ERP system requiring the consent of authorized staff to make withdrawals from the store. The ERP system can also be used to make vouchering, matching, and payment of the supplies. An ERP system will also track order processing in terms of order entry, credit checking, inventory, shipping analysis, pricing among different supplies to get the best bargain, supplier scheduling and warehousing (Hamilton,

Lesson Plan Reflections Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lesson Plan Reflections - Essay Example The activities I planned supported the learning objective since they were related to the lesson work and aimed at enabling the student understand the concepts for every lesson. For example, reading the story on time and pointing to the clock to depict the different time mentioned engaged the students since it entailed use of both audio and visual learning aides. This fostered the students to meet the learning objectives. The other activity for the math lesson on time around the world required the students to draw picture to indicate digital times as well as analog time. This meets the objective, which was to enable students to tell time using analog and digital clocks. I could tell whether the students were successful in achieving the objectives depending on how they performed in the after lesson assessments. For example, the objective of the Social Studies lesson on Girl on the Go was to enable students remember the different countries they had learnt in the history lesson. The story used different monuments in association with different countries. To assess if the students met the objectives, I asked post-reading questions that covered what happened in the beginning middle and end of the story. Moreover, I asked the students to mention the countries that Isabella visited, what the different countries were famous for, and they answered correctly. Additionally, the students were supposed to tell each other countries they had visited, to see if they remembered the previous lessons. I realized that student learn better through activities. For example, after reading the story about the Girl on the Go, I realized that students could easily remember the courtiers mentioned in the story as compared to other countries covered in previous lessons. They would also associate different monuments with the countries where they are located. Moreover, use of pictures and a clock in the math class made the lesson interesting and the students were excited when they realized

Sport in Society Essay Example for Free

Sport in Society Essay In this assignment I will be introducing and explaining how sport effects the economy in the U. K and how important the sport industry is; focusing on Football and tennis. The definition of economy is: â€Å"The state of a county or region in terms of the production and consumption of goods and services and the supply of money† (Oxford dictionary) My definition of economy in sporting terms is: When I read the above definition I interpret it as; the production is the development of players both tennis and football. I also see it as the development of the club and the merchandising of all the products linked with football and tennis. I interpret consumption as the use of player, this can be the buying and selling of players in football, the amount of money that is brought in by tennis players is then put back into the development of young players. My overall understanding of economy is that clubs buy and spend the money that they gain from selling players (football). Each year the government put a certain amount of money into sport, to pay for facilities; equipment and much more. Since London won the bid to hold the 2012 Olympics the government have pumped in a lot of money into it; however the budget for the Olympics has just increased. â€Å"Culture secretary Tessa Jowell has announced an increased budget for the London 2012 games of ? 9. 3bn. The funding will now include ? 6. 75m more from the national lottery, bringing its contribution to ? 2. 2bn. The arts council England, heritage lottery fund and sports England were among groups who were disappointed at the increase. Ms Jowell said she planned to transfer 3425million from the big lottery fund and ? 250 million from other good causes after 2009. Sport England, which will lose ? 55. 9m in funding, said the decrease was a ‘real blow to community sport in England’ (BBC news). There are two types of different sporting people; professionals and amateurs. Professionals: Is an athlete that receives money for their performance, this is a set payment for the year, or however long their contract is for. In the last couple of years professional women have started getting paid the same as professional men. An example of a professional in football is David beckham who gets ? 16. 9 million a year. (Guardian 19/1/07) It was announced that â€Å"premiership footballers are to pocket a record ? 1. 1million average wage next session. † (Daily mirror, Thursday may 31st 2007). Amateurs: Is an athlete that takes part in sport out of pure passion. Amateurs get paid for winning a competition unlike a professional. An example of an amateur in tennis is Naomi Cavaday she got paid $100,000 for winning a tournament in Mumbai. (British tennis Lta) The split between professionals and amateurs happened in the Victorian period (1830- 1901) (class notes) Consumer spending: Consumer spending is a huge part to sport and advertising the club. Football is one of the biggest sellers of all time; they sell anything that you can think of. When looking on the official Liverpool F. C site, I was able to have a look at everything that you can buy for the team there is; the teams home and away kit; t-shirts/ bottoms/hoodies for men, women and babies; badges and key rings; books; flags and pennants; subscriptions; scarves; glassware; jewellery; mugs; stationary; toys and games; DVD/video/audio; footballs; caps and hats; bedroom (such as bedding, carpets, lamp shades etc); watches/clocks; bags; bathroom (towels and flannels); car accessories; pictures; baby accessories (bottles, dummies, rattles etc); gifts and misc (golf balls, dog bowl and lead, socks, phone charms, I-pod covers, and much more.) (Liverpool F. C shop. ). â€Å"For the United Kingdom as a whole in 2001, consumer spending on sport was ? 14. 98billion which represented 2. 4% of total consumer spending. † (Pch) When comparing this to consumer spending in 2006 there is a very big difference. â€Å"U. K consumers spent an estimated ? 9. 7bn on sport in 2006. This figure covers the cost of participation (including club sub-subscriptions), sports equipment, sports clothing, sports footwear and admissions to live sporting events. The ? 9. 7bn is only 1. 2% of total consumer spending. † (Market research) This consumer spending is set to rocket between 2007-2011, due to the football world cup, rugby world cup and the 2012 Olympics. Gambling: Although gambling is linked to consumer spending, as it accounts to how much each household is sending each year. There is a massive gambling market in the U. K, this accounts for mega events such as the F. A cup, the football / rugby world cup and Wimbledon. â€Å"Screen digest forecasts that U. K consumers spending online gambling will increase from the ? 660million to ? 1. 6bn in 2010. At the same time the number of active U. K clients will grow from 1. 1m in 2005 to 2. 1m in 2010. † (Screen digest. ) Sponsorship: Is a commercial deal that brings itself or a product to the attention of consumers. Advertising is the most frequent method used. It announces the availability of a product and creates a good image for a brand. It also provides information on a product, quality, characteristics, prices and performance. Sponsorship is important as not only does it give the sponsor recognition but it also provides money for the athlete and the sponsor. The Oxford mail newspaper sponsors the local boy’s league, which includes local football teams such as the Cholsey bluebirds, Didcot and Abingdon A. (Cholsey blue birds, pageys) â€Å"the total value of Premiership football shirt sponsorship[ deals is set to hit 370m a year next season, up 25% from the current season and about tenfold since the league’s inaugural season in 1992-93. † (Football economy) Andy Murray gets ? 200k in sponsorship: ?1m from David Lloyd ?1m for his left sleeve/cm2 ?250k for his racket (head) ?1m for his watch (tag hever) ?4m for his right sleeve (R. B. S)?1m for wearing Fred Perry. (Guardian Dec. 30 ’06) Private clubs: The United Kingdom’s leading health-club operators include David Lloyd, fitness first and Holmes place. (Market research) The closest David Lloyd centre is Oxford, for both tennis and football they hold regular clubs and training sessions. Tennis: world class facilities; ladder league; men’s and women’s teams; regular club nights, coaching and match play sessions. Football: on a Monday night at 7 o’clock our outdoor courts convert into excellent 5-a-side pitches for which we have weekly competitions for teams or individuals. (David Lloyd. ) Income received by participation sports activities in the private sector is ? 133 million (sport England PDF) Funding: Funding is money which is raised from various sources to help pay for new ventures such as new facilities and equipment in sport. Funding is a big part of sport, because if we didn’t have funding then we wouldn’t be able to play sports as there would be no facilities, equipment etc. â€Å"The south east receives about ? 120m in sport related grants; about ? 13 per person of this ? 106m comes from local and central government. About ? 14m is from the lottery. (Sport England 2000 PDF) Funding from the F. A is based on an 11 side team, how many teams enter the league, and is based on ? 10 per 11 aside team. The minimum grant is ? 200 and the maximum is ? 800. (The F. A) Since sport England lottery fund began in 1995, tennis has received 568 awards, totalling in excess of ? 87million towards improving tennis playing facilities in the community. (Sport England PDF). Previous funding: YearNationalCommunity 1995-1996? 0? 6,013,989 1996-1997? 0? 5,395,101 1997-1998? 0?4,441,582 1998-1999? 37,188? 12,911,549 1999-2000? 0? 30,821,126 2000-2001? 0? 4,852,807 2001-2002? 0? 14,052,789 2002-2003? 0? 8,154,732 2003-2004? 0? 2,453,348 Note: national funding is a total of Exchequer funding and the world class programme. Community funding is a total of the following programmes: Community Capital, safer sports grounds, active communities development fund, all active sports programmes, community athletics refurbishment programme, football youth development, school sport coordinators, sport action zones and awards for all. (Sport England tennis PDF) Retail and merchandising: Retail and merchandising account for everything that a household may buy each year, this can be anything from tickets, T. V fees, internet fees, the clothes industry and personal sports which go towards equipment and match fees. â€Å"In total households are estimated to have spent around ? 2. 1bn on sport related goods and services in 2000. This was some 2 ? % of total household spending. The main categories of spending are subscriptions and fees (? 560m), sportswear (? 435m) and gambling (? 375m). Only around ? 125m was spent by those in the region on admissions to spectator sports. (Sport England PDF) Media / T. V: There is a wide range of media that covers sports such as: television, radio, newspapers, magazines, adverts and much more. Sports in newspapers varies as to what paper you read, for example; in the Sunday times from May 20th 2007, there was 4 stories inside the paper about sport however also included in the paper was 32 page paper dedicated to what has gone on over the weekend, it also includes stories as to what will be happening later on in that week. In the daily mirror from June 7th 2007, there is a section on the front page about the England game against Estonia, from then on to page 59 there is nothing about sport; from page 60 which is horse racing results etc, it starts talking about sports, altogether there is 13 pages of sport in which football dominates 8 of the pages which includes the back page. There is no mention of tennis in that paper, this may be because there isn’t a tennis event happening at the moment. Along with newspapers there is also a huge amount of T. V channels that are dedicated to sports: sky sports 1 -3 sky sports news sky sports extra British Eurosports Eurosports 2 Premiership plus PPV Events 1-2 Extreme sports Manchester United TV NASN Sport At the races Racing U. K Setanta 1-2 Celtic TV Rangers TV Set golf Motors TV Chelsea TV Participation: There are so many different sports clubs to take part in, whether they are at school or at the local leisure centre each year more and more people are joining sports clubs in a bid to keep fit. â€Å"Around 863,000 people participate in organised sports clubs, which have an annual income of around ? 550 million. † (Sport England PDF) In 2005 USTA and the tennis industry association said: â€Å"24. 7m Americans are playing tennis, the most since 1992. Participation grew by 1. 1m players, up 4. 1% vs. 2004† â€Å"5. 8m new players began playing the game in 2005. † (Nrpa, tennis) In 2000 60% of males under 16 took part in football, 17% of females over 16 took part in football and 6% of all adults took part in football. (Football academy) Employment: There are so many sports related jobs in the U. K, when the class was asked how may of them worked in a sports related or non sports related job the results were: Sport related jobNon sport related jobNo-job 5101 (Table taken from class notes) There are so many different things that you can be employed for in both football and Tennis, the players themselves, officials, mangers, couches, doctors. â€Å"74,900 people are employed in sport related activities in the south east, some 2% of all employment in the region. † (Sport England PDF).